ARPA community - Man-computer symbiosis—Licklider
- Time-sharing: CTSS, SDS 940, Tenex
- Engelbart’s On-Line System
- Flex machine—Kay
- Arpanet
- Aloha packet radio network
Xerox—“Office of the future”
CSL CSL - Hardware: Alto, Ethernet
- OS, Languages (BCPL, Mesa, Lisp)
- Printing, file servers
- Networking
- Bravo (→Word), Draw (→Illustrator), fonts
- Grapevine (email transport, server)
- Laurel (email client)
SSL - Printing, file servers
- Smalltalk
- Gypsy (→Word)
- Markup (→Paint)
1960s Time-sharing, Sketchpad, NLS 1960s Time-sharing, Sketchpad, NLS 1970s Xerox PARC - Alto, Ethernet, laser printers
- Bravo, Draw, Pup, Smalltalk
Altair, Apple II Internet 1980s - 81 Xerox Star, IBM PC
- 84 Macintosh, Laserwriter, MS Word/Excel
1990s Windows, Web
But a man’s reach should exceed his grasp, or what’s a heaven for? —Browning But a man’s reach should exceed his grasp, or what’s a heaven for? —Browning Computers can be used as tools to help people think and communicate - Licklider
- ARPA time-sharing and networking
- Engelbart and NLS
- Alan Kay and Flex
Xerox: Office of the Future - How do we grow after copiers?
Personal Personal - Under the control of a person and serves his needs.
- Performance is predictable, and fast enough
- Reliable and available.
- Not too hard to use
Distributed - Everything in the real world is distributed
- The computer is a communication device
- Personal + communication = distributed
- Need to share expensive devices too, esp. printers
Computing - We programmed, but users didn’t
Universal Universal - Any (black-and-white) image, data, any software
- Words, pictures, music, ...
- Specialize with software
Ink on paper The Alto can do this quite well - For a single 8.5" x 11" sheet of paper
- With black ink
- No restrictions on the form of the images
- Cannot read images
Voice and other sounds.
“Time machine”—simulate the future “Time machine”—simulate the future Use what you build - Good for text, pictures, printing, sound, email
- Bad for spreadsheets, databases
Personal machine - “People are fast, machines are slow”
- Performance is predictable
No grand plan for the system: integration - Not enough experience, cycles or memory
- Open OS, world-swap
- Exception: Smalltalk
0.3 MIPS 0.3 MIPS 128 KB RAM 2.5 MB disk 3 Mbit Ethernet 600x800 x l display $12,000 to make
Moore’s law: live in the future if you can Moore’s law: live in the future if you can Price X CPU RAM Disk Net 1974: Alto $40k 1 0.3 0.1 2.5 .05 1984: Mac $3k 1 1 0.5 1.5 .03 1995: PC $3k 100 50 16 300 .1 2006: PC $1k 10000 2000 1000 300G 100
KISS KISS - Had to be cheap enough to build lots of them
Bitmap display - Display anything – like paper
Programmable at all levels - Could change the instruction set and add new operations easily
Flexible and powerful input-output - Ethernet and Laser Printer controllers were add-ins
Distributed system - Connect many systems together with Ethernet
CSMA/CD CSMA/CD - Based on Aloha
- Collision detect
- Exp. Backoff
3 Mbits/sec Shared by 50 Altos Repeaters Much later, switches
Marriage of Xerography and Computing Marriage of Xerography and Computing EARS was the first (1974) print server - Ethernet
- Alto
- Research Character Generator
- Scanning Laser Output Terminal
1 copy/second, 500 dots/inch - Dover: 300 dpi, small Alto interface. 100 copies
Xerox understood it, built a successful business
Programming Programming Servers User interface Applications Software is “thought-stuff”
Main problem: live with Main problem: live with - .1 MIPS, 128 KB RAM, 5 MB disk
OS: files, programs, network, command line - Open: get rid of any parts you don’t need
- World-swap to change environments
Languages - BCPL: father of C
- Mesa
- Smalltalk
Network: Ethernet and Pup Network: Ethernet and Pup - First internet: Ethernet, Arpanet, phone lines, ...
Printing - 3 generations of laser printer hardware
- 3 generations of imagers: Ears, Press, Interpress
Files - “Interim” file system
- Research file systems
Email - Tenex Arpanet email
- Grapevine distributed naming and email
Windows
Complete system Complete system - OO language
- Integrated edit/debug
- Windows
- BitBlt
First WYSIWYG editor First WYSIWYG editor Prototype for MS Word Initial ideas - Piece table for document
- Cache line bit maps
Later - Fonts and layout
- High-quality printing
- Styles
Modeless UI from Gypsy
Windows Windows - Smalltalk pioneered overlapping windows
- Other software used tiled windows
Views—compute what you see - Smalltalk browser
- Bravo multiple document views
- Laurel email folders
Distributed email system Distributed email system - Multiple servers
- Names, mailboxes
- Eventual consistency
3-pane window - Headers
- Message in
- Message out
Windows Windows - Smalltalk pioneered overlapping windows
- Other software used tiled windows
Views—compute what you see - Smalltalk browser
- Bravo multiple document views
- Laurel email folders
Menus - Markup had pop-up menus
- Smalltalk had the first icons
Images Images - Bit-maps (as in Paint and Photoshop)
- Object graphics (as in MacDraw and Illustrator)
Fonts - Spline outlines for scalable fonts
- Screen versions hand-drawn—hinting much later
BitBlt - Computing with rectangular bitmaps
Pure bit-map editing Pure bit-map editing - Arbitrary images
- Low resolution
Popup menu
Writing: Bravo Microsoft Word Writing: Bravo Microsoft Word Drawing - Markup Paint programs
- Draw MacDraw, Illustrator, Powerpoint, etc.
- Sil CAD programs
Email: Laurel mh, Eudora, Outlook, etc.
Just like today’s personal computing world Just like today’s personal computing world - Writing, drawing, music, networks, printing, email
Except - The Web, search engines
- Spreadsheets
- Integration
- Speed
Big show-and-tell for Xerox execs Big show-and-tell for Xerox execs - Lots of Altos
- Ethernet
- Laser printers
- The apps you’ve seen
Goal: Get Xerox to make products Result: Systems Development Division - Star office system
- Limited sales of Alto office systems
Electronic printing—many billions of dollars Electronic printing—many billions of dollars Xerox Star—Office system Fumbled the future? - Yes, but the real story is more interesting
“It’s easier to get a venture capitalist to give you money than to persuade the management of a large, successful company to try something new.” —Gordon Moore
9700—2 pages/sec computer printer 9700—2 pages/sec computer printer - Based on Xerox 9200 copier
- Hence sheet fed, good paper handling
- Hence blue laser
- “Character generator” based on PARC RCG
- Competition: IBM laser printer
Low end printers - First for Star—8000 print server
- Later OEMed, but too expensive
Interpress—ancestor of Postscript
Star, shipped 1981 (same as IBM PC) Star, shipped 1981 (same as IBM PC) - Ran on Dandelion processor
Built on Mesa and Pilot Highly integrated - Editing, spreadsheet, filing, printing
Best office system for at least 10 years - Roughly = 1995 MS Windows /Office
- Didn’t sell—too expensive, closed
- $20-25k/workstation in total; 25,000 sold
- Apple Lisa in 1982 failed for the same reasons
Irony: researchers wanted a much simpler product
Printing Printing - Xerox focus on high end copiers and printers
- Target existing markets: computer printing
- Office printing ignored. Apple, HP won this in 1985
Star Office System - Engineers had a vision, and achieved it
- A wonderful system: 10 years ahead of its time
- Too expensive, inflexible
- Overwhelmed by IBM PC wave
- Researchers pushed for something more like Alto
Today’s PC is about 10,000 X an Alto Today’s PC is about 10,000 X an Alto Where did all the resources go? - Visual fidelity and elegance
- Integration
- Backward compatibility
- Scale—books, not just memos
- Time to market
- Response time
Did we foresee it?
“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” Are computers boring now? Hardly! Computers are good for three things: - 1955: Simulation
- 1980: Communication
- 2005: Embodiment—interact with the physical world
The best is yet to come—see research.microsoft.com/gray - Robots
- Computers that see, hear, talk, understand
- Information at your fingertips
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