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intestine of human scolex comes out from cysticercus and attaches to mucous
membrane. In 2 months helminth becomes sexually mature and starts detaching
and releasing segments.
Susceptibility to Taeniosis is common. Immunity isn’t formed.
Human can be as definitive as intermediate host for T. solium. Oncospheres
can enter human body by two ways. The first one is with vegetables and verdure
(green onion, dill, parsley) contaminated with patient’s faeces. The second one is
due to entering mature segments into stomach from intestine during reversed
peristalsis (for example, in case of vomiting). Oncospheres entered into stomach
release embryos which penetrate the intestinal wall and are carried with blood all
over the body. In human body cysticercus is often found in brain and eye and
rarely in skin, muscles and other tissues.Therefore human with Taeniasis can be
course of Cysticercosis invasion for himself and other people.
Pathogenesis is the same as in case of Taeniarhynhosis.
Clinical features. Invasion with T. solium may be asymptomatic and
patients become aware of the infection by noting passage of proglottids in their
faeces. Some patients complain of nausea, abdominal pain, weakness and sleep
disorders. Symptoms are not associated with pruritus ani. The proglottids do not
migrate actively per anum.
Specific diagnostics of taeniosis. The main method of examination is
macroscopical which can reveal released gravid proglottids in the faeces (often in
short chains). Mature segment of T. solium has 8–10 uterine branches. The eggs of
T. solium and T. saginatus have similar structure therefore if only eggs are found
laboratory gives conclusion that these are eggs of teniid.
Clinical features of cysticercosis. The clinical manifestations of
cysticercosis are variable and depend on localization and number of parasites.
Cysticerci can be found anywhere in the body but are most commonly detected in
the brain, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissue, or eye. The most often cysticerci
are localized in brain. Epilepsy, the most common presentation of
neurocysticercosis, is usually the primary or sole manifestation of the disease.
Seizures occur in 50 to 80 per cent of patients with parenchymal brain cysts or
calcifications but are less common in other forms of the disease. Seizures may be
generalized, focal, or Jacksonian. Other common focal signs include pyramidal
tract signs, sensory deficits, signs of brainstem dysfunction, and involuntary
movements. These manifestations usually follow a subacute or chronic course,
making neurocysticercosis difficult to differentiate clinically from neoplasms or
other infections of the central nervous system. Focal signs may occur abruptly in
patients who develop a cerebral infarct as a complication of subarachnoid
neurocysticercosis. When cysticerci develop at the base of the brain or in the
subarachnoid space, they may cause chronic meningitis or arachnoiditis,
communicating hydrocephalus, or strokes.
Neurocysticercosis may present with increased intracranial pressure, usually
from hydrocephalus secondary to cysticercotic arachnoiditis, granular ependymitis,
or ventricular cysts. In these cases, intracranial hypertension develops subacutely
and progresses slowly. Signs of increased intracranial pressure, including
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headache, nausea, vomiting, changes in vision, dizziness, ataxia, or confusion, are
often evident. Patients with hydrocephalus may develop papilledema or display
altered mental status. Lymphatic pleocytosis with prevalence of eosinophils and
elevated level of protein are found in CSF in patients with neurocysticercosis.
Cysticercosis of eye causes visual impairment and sometimes results in
blindness. Lesion of orbit leads to exophthalmus.
Muscular pseudohypertrophy, a rare presentation, is caused by heavy
cysticercal infection of skeletal muscles giving a 'Herculean' appearance. The few
cases reported are all from India. Muscular and subcutaneous cysticerci are far less
common in American than in African or Asian patients with neurocysticercosis
(See table).
The clinical manifestations of cystecercosis
in dependence on localization of cyctecercs
Brain
Symptoms
Eyes
Cereb
ral
hemispheres
IV
Ventri
cle
Basis
Headache
+ +
Dizziness
+ +
Nausea
+ +
Vomiting
+ +
Epileptic attacks
+
Disorders of psychics
(dimension, gallucinations)
+
Dispnoe
+
The harsh of the state in impairment
the change of the body position
+
Disorder of vestibular conduction
+
Paresis, paralyses
+
Progressive impairment of the vision
+
Specific diagnostics of Cysticercosis. Immunological
tests such as immune
enzyme analysis with cysticerci diagnosticum, instrumental methods such as
computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ophthalmoscopy
and ultrasound examination.