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Socialized Choices - Labour Market Behaviour of Dutch Mothers 
114 
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics variables included in model 
 N 
Min. 
Max. 
Mean 
Std. 
Deviation 
1.   Work yes or no 
817 
.00 
1.00 
.740 
.439 
2.   Work hours 
605 
1.00 
45.00 
23.780 
9.274 
3.   Preferred work hours 
935 
.00 
45.00 
17.704 
12.015 
4.   Level of education  
936 


3.73 
1.323 
5.   Attendance to religious gatherings  
833 


2.08 
1.453 
6.   Age  
935 
18 
64 
43.52 
8.337 
7.   Age2 
935 
3.24 
40.96 
19.634 
7.289 
8.   Partner present  
935 


.87 
.333 
9.   Partner no income 
935 
.00 
1.00 
.081 
.273 
10.  Income partner 
842 
.00 
8.99 
6.949 
2.251 
11.  Number of children  
935 


1.96 
.825 
12.  Age of youngest child <4 
935 
.00 
1.00 
.236 
.425 
13.  Age of youngest child <8 
935 
.00 
1.00 
.258 
.438 
14.  Age of youngest child <12 
935 
.00 
1.00 
.218 
.413 
 
Personal work attitudes 
 
 
 
 
 
15.  A good education is important.  
934 


.44 
.496 
16.  I want to fulfil my full potential.  
934 


.25 
.434 
17.  Caring for others is important 
934 


.46 
.499 
18.  I like to work. 
934 


.38 
.485 
19.  I work to be valued by my social 
environment.   
934 0  1  .02 
.152 
20.  I only want to do what I really want.  
934 


.36 
.479 
21.  Work is above all a means to earn money.  
934 


.28 
.447 
22.  I work to be financially independent of 
others.  
934 0  1  .30 
.459 
23.  I work to contribute to society.  
934 


.10 
.300 
24.  When I do not do paid work. I feel less 
worthwhile.   
934 0  1  .07 
.256 
25.  I work to make a career.  
934 


.02 
.130 
26.  General gender values 
834 

0.80 
.506 
.1371 
27.  Ideal family life 
930 
1.00 
3.00 
2.40 
.694 
28.  Educational level father.  
837 


2.42 
1.177 
29.  Educational level mother 
863 1  5  2.03  .996 
30.  Parental family life 
934 1.00 4.00  1.58 
.854 
31.  Did your mother have paid work when you 
were twelve years old? 
935 .00 1.00 .302 
.459 
Source: Data from questionnaires: ‘Politics and Values’, ‘Work and Schooling’, ‘Women and their 
social environment’, Liss Panel, Centerdata, University of Tilburg, November 2010. 
The main dependent variable in the model is a mother’s labour participation. For 
both theoretical and empirical reasons this variable is split in two separate 
variables: whether the respondent has paid work or not (the participation 
variable) and the number of hours per week she works on average when she does 
have paid work. The theoretical reason for this distinction is that the decision to 


Chapter 4 - The vital and stabilising role of work preferences 
115 
work may be influenced by factors other than the number of work hours. The 
empirical reason is that the distribution of the number of work hours, including 
those who do not work, has a spike at zero hours and a more or less normal 
distribution for positive values, which complicates the estimation of the number 
of work hours with a linear regression analysis.  
The second dependent variable, which also acts as an explanatory variable of 
the first dependent variable, is the preferred number of work hours. This is 
measured by the question: How many hours per week in total would you like to 
work? 
Independent variables: attitudinal factors 
The independent variables include three attitudinal variables. The first 
independent variable is a mother’s general gender values. The questions used for 
this variable are derived from the standard LISS-questionnaire ‘Politics and 
Values’ and are similar to questions in the European Values Studies (2009). I 
constructed a scale based on seven statements regarding the preferred role of 
mothers and fathers, such as ‘a child that is not yet attending school is likely to 
suffer the consequences if his or her mother has a job’ and ‘the father should earn 
money, while the mother takes care of the household and the family’ (see table 4 
for a full list of the statements). The possible answers were: 1. fully disagree, 2. 
disagree, 3. neither agree nor disagree, 4. agree, 5. fully agree. A factor analysis 
showed that these variables load on one dimension. By adding the answers to 
each of the questions and rescaling, I created a variable ranging from 0 (the most 
traditional general gender value) to 1 (the most egalitarian). This scale is highly 
reliable (Cronbach’s Alpha 0.781). 
Table 4. General gender values: to what extent do you agree with the following 
propositions
 a
?
 
 N 
Mean 
Std. 
Deviation 
1. 
A working mother’s relationship with her children can be just as 
close and warm as that of a non-working mother 
837 3.96  1.103 
2. 
A child that is not yet attending school is likely to suffer the 
consequences if his or her mother has a job 
837 2.49  1.193 
3. 
Fathers ought to do more in terms of household work than they do 
at present 
837 3.40  .857 
4. 
Fathers ought to do more in terms of childcare than they do at 
present 
837 3.45  .843 
5. 
The father should earn money, while the mother takes care of the 
household and the family 
837 1.95  .891 
6. 
A woman is more suited to rearing young children than a man 
837 
2.74 
1.056 
7. 
Overall, family life suffers the consequences if the mother has a 
full-time job 
837 2.90  1.275 
Source: ‘Politics and Values’, University of Tilburg, November 2010. 
a
 All items range from 1 (fully disagree) to 5 (fully agree), answers on question 1, 3 and 4 are 


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