English
|
Simple
all elements are obligatory
|
Expanded
to read and translate the text – expanded elements are equal in rank
|
Extended
a word takes a dependent element and this dependent element becomes the head for another word: a beautiful flower – a very beautiful flower
|
Russian
|
Simple
(two notional words)
белый плащ, готовиться к поездке
|
Complex
(three and more notional words)
очень старый плащ, готовится к завтрашней поездке
|
-
|
Uzbek
|
Simple
(consists of two notional words)
оқ қоғоз, кўм-кўк осмон
|
Complex
(consists of extending the members of simple word combination) осмондаги уч ўрдак, ҳаммадан аълочи ўқувчи
|
-
|
In compared languages combinations of words can be classified according to the type of syntagmatic relations as follows:
English
|
Coordinate
you and me
|
Subordinate
to see a house, a nice dress
|
Predicative
him coming, for him to come
|
Russian
|
Syntactically free высокий дом,
идти в школу.
|
Syntactically bound три сестры, анютины глазки.
|
-
|
Uzbek
|
Independent
китоб ва дафтар.
|
Dependent
опамнинг китоби.
|
-
|
As it is seen in the table above there are some differences in classifying and naming the word combinations in compared languages. In independent relation words have equal independent meaning. On the contrary, in dependent relations words are divided into head (kernel) element (word) and adjunct. In these kind of combinations one of the words clarifies and fulfils another word.
Word combinations with the head element are represented by word groups that form a grammatically organized structure with one element sub-ordinate to the other element. The subordinating element is called the head of the word combination. In the following examples, the head elements are underlined: green leaves, to type a letter, quite simple. According to the head element word combinations have the following types in compared languages:
English → noun-phrases – a cup of tea, verb-phrases – to run fast, to see a house, adjective phrases – good for you, adverbial phrases – so quickly, pronoun phrases – something strange, nothing to do.
Russian → verb phrase - прыгать через верёвочку, бегал по двору, adverbial phrase - совсем близко, наедине с тобой, nominal phrase: substantial - красное пальто, стол с тумбочкой, adjective - почти серьёзный, полный сомнения, красный от натуги, pronoun - кто-нибудь из нас, я с товарищем, quantitative - один из нас, второй по порядку.
Uzbek → verb phrase – вазифани бажармоқ, тез ўқиш, nominal phrase: noun phrase – кенг дала, adjective phrase – тухумдан кичик, quantitative phrase – одамларнинг бири, pronoun phrase – ўқувчиларнинг ҳаммаси.
Types of dependent relation in Russian and Uzbek languages can be in three types: agreement, government, and adjoining (contact).
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