On measures for further development of Higher Education System

2.2 Semantic and structural peculiarities of vulgarisms in English
The term vulgarism, as used to single out a definite group of words of non-standard English, is rather misleading. The ambiguity of the term apparently proceeds from the etymology of the word. Vulgar, as explained by the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, means
a) words or names employed in ordinary speech;
b) common, familiar;
c) commonly current or prevalent, generally or widely disseminated.
Out of seven various meanings given in Webster's Third New Interna­tional Dictionary six repeat nearly the same definitions that are given in the Shorter Oxford, and only the seventh is radically different. Here it is:
"a: marked by coarseness of speech or expression; crude or offensive in language, b: lewd, obscene or profane in expression...: indecent, indelicate,"
These two submeanings are the foundation of what we here name vulgarisms. [9, 38] So vulgarisms are:
1) expletives and swear words which are of an abusive character, like 'damn', 'bloody', to hell', 'goddam' and, as some dictionaries state, used now as general exclamations;
2) obscene words. These are known as four-letter words the use of which is banned in any form of .intercourse as being indecent. Historians tell us that in Middle-Ages and down into the 16^th century they were accepted in oral speech and after Caxton even admitted to the printed page. All of these words are of Anglo-Saxon origin.
Vulgarisms are often used in conversation out of habit, without any thought of what they mean, or in imitation of those who use them in or­der not to seem old-fashioned or prudish. Unfortunately in modern fiction these words have gained legitimacy. The most vulgar of them are now to be found even in good novels. This lifting of the taboo has given rise to the almost unrestrained employment of words which soil the literary language. However, they will never acquire the status of standard Eng­lish vocabulary and will always remain on the outskirts.
The function of expletives is almost the same as that of interjections, that is to express strong emotions, mainly annoyance, anger, vexation and the like. They are not to be found in any functional style of language except emotive prose, and here only in the direct speech of the characters.
The language of the underworld is rich in coarse words and expres­sions. But not every expression which may be considered coarse should be regarded as a vulgarism.
Coarseness of expression may result from im­proper grammar, non-standard pronunciation, from the misuse of certain literary words and expressions, from a deliberate distortion of words. These are improprieties of speech but not vulgarisms. Needless to say the label coarse is very frequently used merely to designate an expression which lacks refinement. But vulgarisms, besides being coarse properly, are also rude and emotionally strongly charged and, like any manifesta­tion of excess of feelings, are not very discernible as to their logical meaning.
Although the theoretical areas of translation and interpreting overlap in some aspects only, this method would be successful in interpreting in semi-formal and less formal conversations, according to the results of our analysis as well as the outputs from the specialized questionnaire. The above-mentioned situations often call for a closer rapport of the speaker with the audience, utilising the taboo and expressive words to this intent. [9, 45]
A comprehensive preparation phase before the interpreting session (analysis of text factors, knowledge of the distinctive style of the speaker, external and situational variables) enables the interpreter to build the anticipation hypotheses and to use the taboo lexicon effectively within their framework. Expressive language is perceived not only as a prototype of the verbal invariant transfer, but mainly as an information-dense cultural and linguistic element of the source text that supplies the interpreter with the material to compose an adequate target language output.
Vulgar words are expletives and swear words of abusive character. For example: damn, bloody, hell, goddam.
Vulgarisms are often used in conversation, out of habit. In modern fiction they can be found even in a good novel in direct speech of the characters. Their function is to express strong emotions: annoyance, anger, vexation, etc. Not every coarse expression is a vulgarism. Coarseness may result from improper grammar, non-standard pronunciation, misuse of words and expressions or distortion of words.
Abdulla Qodiriy o’z asarlarida qo’llangan salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar, miqdor jihatidan rang-barang bo’lish bilan birga, mavzuviy jihatdan ham xilma-xil:
1) shaxsni anglatuvchi salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar: «katta», zinokor, halol emas, suyuqoyoq, «aynigan» majnun, layli, baba, barishnaxon, marja, tutash, «noz egasi», «fir’avn qizi»;
2) inson tana a’zolarini ifodalovchi salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar;
3) biomoddani anglatuvchi salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar: axlat, tezak, xilt;
4) insonning jismoniy nuqsonlarini anglatuvchi salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar: qulog’i og’ir, ko’zi ojiz;
5) insonning jismoniy holatini anglatuvchi salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar: yuklik, homilalik, og’iroyoq, ikkiqat, tumsa, «qizil kuyov»;
6) insonning ma’naviy nuqsonlarini anglatuvchi salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar: aqling oqsaydir, aqlingiz bir oz yanglishibdir, boshi bo’sh, jo’n odam, jahli basit, soddalavh, esi yarim, xom kishi;
7) insonning muomala va munosabatdagi nuqsonlarini anglatuvchi salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar: yelkasi qichimasin (tamagirlik qilmasin), yovvoyi chiqim (pora), «qarz» (pora), cho’ntakparast (tamagir, pulga o’ch odam), konvert orqali ulashilgan «badal»lar (pul, pora);
8) spirtli ichimliklarni anglatuvchi salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralar: dori, zahar, «obi surx», obirahmat, oqsoqol.
Demak, lisoniy belgilar asosidagi tasnifda salbiy baxo ottenkasiga ega bo’lgan so’z va iboralarning mavzuviy, semantik, shakliy qurilish (struktur), uslubiy xoslanganlik kabi qator belgilar asosidagi tasnifi berildi.
Coarse words may simply lack refinement. Vulgar words are not simply coarse; they are rude and strongly emotionally charged.