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Appendix A: Reading task in CD condition
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool
because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving
allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period, and
at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically.
American producers were able
to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in
1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from
the seed was a laborious process. Sea Island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand,
because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it
demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-
staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their
mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day.
Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull
cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint
a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied
productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led
to the rapid spread of the
cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export,
dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value.
Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61
percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and
wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly,
cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other
American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement,