Republic of India Livelihoods in intermediate towns
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Table 5: Social Profile of Respondents in the Sample-survey
- Table 6: Nature of Non-Farm Activity
- Table 7: Building Ownership and Caste
5.2: The Survey: As mentioned above, for a closer understanding of the dynamics of the non-farm economy in the two settlements, we interviewed 300 respondents engaged/employed primarily or full time in a non-farm economic activity. The sample was drawn purposively to ensure that we had enough respondents from all of the significant social categories. Given that our preliminary mapping suggested that the proportion of Scheduled Castes, Muslims and women was lower compared to other categories, we expanded the sample size across these categories. For example, the proportion of Muslims in the total universe of non-farm economy in the two settings was a little less than 10 percent but we interviewed a total of 63 (21%). Of these 18 were upper caste Muslims (Sheikhs) and the remaining 45 were “backward”, as listed in the state list of EBCs. Similarly the SC population in the two setting was only around 6 percent and their proportion in the non-farm economy is perhaps less than 5 percent but we interviewed 50 (16.7%). They too are officially classified into two categories, Dalits (10 respondents) and Mahadalits (40 respondents)The third category where we purposely expanded our sample size is that of women respondents in the non-farm economy. Even though they are not completely absent, we could not interview any Muslim women employed in non-farm activity. The “others” (non-SC and non-Muslims) are also internally differentiated and we tried to represent all the categories in our sample. Those from the traditional upper caste make for 12 percent of our respondents, those from the trading caste, listed among the upper OBCs, are 20.7 percent, other upper OBCs 4 percent and those from the Hindu EBCs are 25.7 percent of our total sample. The proportion of women with an independent non-farm enterprise would be below 5 percent in the settlements but we approached whosoever we could and managed to interview 28 (9%). Most of our respondents, which appeared to be the case with the wider universe of the non-farm economy in the two settlements, are young – those below the age of 45 made up for 77 percent of all the respondents. Those who were below the age of 30 constitute 31 percent of all the respondents. Less than 6 percent of our respondents were above the age of 60. A majority of them (nearly 80%) are educated though nearly 60 percent of them are only school educated (intermediate or less). Nearly 20 percent of them have acquired a bachelor or master degree, but very few amongst them are technically skilled with a formal degree. Those who are employed in technical jobs or provide skill-based services have mostly learnt their skills informally, most commonly on the job or as an apprentice.
5.3: Nature of Ownership of Non-farm Activity: A large majority of the non-farm activities are typically individual centric and self-owned enterprises. However, the proportion of those who reported working in a traditional family occupation or jointly working with other family members is also not insignificant (28% see Table 6). However, the proportion of those who reported to be working alone is larger (68.7%). Even when they work in their traditional family occupations, they work alone. However, some reported that members of their immediate nuclear family, wife or children, often assist them (17%). A large majority of them (above 90%) are married and live with their families. The number of employed workers working with others is relatively small (only 3%).
Interestingly, a majority of them work from rented premises (51.7%). Only 24 percent of them own the establishments they work from. The rest of them work from temporary structures with no formal title or ownership. Nearly three of those who functioned from rented accommodations paid a monthly rent of up to 1000 rupees. The rest paid more. Two of them reported to be paying nearly 5000 rupees monthly for rent. The nature of ownership of the shop or premises is not a random fact. It has a close connection with social background of the respondents which data from our survey demonstrates rather starkly. Those who own the premises they operate from are invariably from the upper castes or those castes, which have traditionally been in business. As is evident from Table 6, those from the trading castes (45.2%) and the traditionally upper castes (33.2%) own the establishments from where operate. Almost all the remaining non-farm establishments owned by these two categories are formally rented. In contrast, a large majority of the Scheduled Caste respondents (80%) operate from temporary structures, which also points to the fragile and temporary nature of their commercial establishments. Only one of the SC respondents reported owning the structure from where he worked. Table 7 also shows a good number of Muslims and Other OBCs working from temporary structures, pointing towards the fragility of their establishments too. However, their position is clearly much better than the SCs.
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