Sub-Saharan Africa Plateau, Waterfall, Savanna, Rainforest, and Desert Poorest continent - Only region to get poorer over last 25 years
- World’s largest number of displaced people and refugees
- Debt crisis
Most rural continent, though cities growing very fast - Village life and subsistence agriculture important
- Glorious wildlife still exists
Legacies of Colonialism - Cash crop economies, ethnic conflict, flawed transport systems
Medical Crises, including most HIV/AIDs in world Most of world’s remaining Animists - But missionaries spreading Christianity and Islam
War and Failed Political Leadership Common - Few successful democracies
African Landscape Plateau, Waterfall, Savanna, Rainforest, and Desert Plateau – high tableland - Highest in:
- Ethiopian Highlands
- Drakensberg Mtns.
Niger Niger Congo Blue Nile Victoria/White Nile Zambezi
Rivers Rapids and Waterfalls… - Limits transportation
- Good for Tourism
- Hydroelectric Production
Beautiful Waterfalls
On Zambezi River
Rift Valleys Crust pulls apart Block of crust sinks
Rift Valleys Often have long, narrow lakes
Lake Tanganyika Lake Malawi
Near rift valleys Near rift valleys Eastern Congo Mt. Kenya Mt. Kilimanjaro…
Mt. Kenya
Tropical Rainforest - Congo Basin &
- coast of W. Africa
- Diseases
Grasses and scattered trees Grasses and scattered trees Dry winter, Rainy summer
Savanna
Best Wildlife Countries Kenya & Tanzania Zimbabwe, Botswana & Republic of S.A.
Poaching Elephant - Ivory Tusks
- 2.5 million (1970)
- 1.8 million (1978)
- 350,000 (1997)
- 600,000 (2005)
Rhino Horn used as aphrodisiac in Asia - 65,000 Black Rhinos in 1982
2300 (1992) 3600 (2004)
Savanna Masai - Nomadic Herding of Cattle
Cattle Herding Destroys wilderness - Nat. Veg. Lost
- Soil compacted, eroded
- Loss of Wildlife Habitat
Tsetse Fly – sleeping sickness - Disease to Animals & Humans
- Wildlife Unaffected
- Benefits Wildlife by preventing spread of domesticated cattle
Somalia
Semi-Desert
Bushmen Languages (Khoisan)
Okavango Delta…
Sub-Saharan Africa Poorest continent - Only region to get poorer over last 25 years
- World’s largest number of displaced people and refugees
- Debt crisis
- 44% of population younger than 15
- In 1990s number of those living in “extreme poverty (<$1/day) rose from 242 million to 300 million+
Sub-Saharan Africa Most rural continent, though cities growing very fast
Sub-Saharan Africa Most rural continent, though cities growing very fast - Village life and subsistence agriculture important
- Glorious wildlife still exists
Sub-Saharan Africa Most rural continent, though cities growing very fast - Village life and subsistence agriculture important
- Glorious wildlife still exists
Legacy of Colonialism - Cash crop economies, ethnic conflict, flawed transport systems
Slavery
Britain Britain France Belgium Portugal Spain
BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884 14 countries divided up Africa without consideration of cultures; political and tribal fragmentation were the result. Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway (unified from 1814-1905), Turkey, and the United States of America. Of these, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major colonizers of Africa
INDEPENDENT STATES IN AFRICA
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S ECONOMIC CHALLENGE Economic growth rate- 1.5% - world’s lowest The region’s 646 million people have a combined GNP of less than $150 billion, roughly the same as Belgium and its 10 million people. Population - growing at a rate of 2.6% annually, vs 1.7% for South America and 1.9% for South Asia
Medical Crises, including most HIV/AIDs in world
MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY Studies spatial aspects of disease and health Africa is an extraordinary laboratory. -- Disease incidence and diffusion -- Widespread nutritional deficiencies Millions suffer from: - malaria - river blindness
- yellow fever - sleeping sickness
- AIDS - bilharzia/schistosomiasis
MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY Endemic -- Exists in equilibrium with the population -- Many develop an immunity of sorts -- Saps energy, lowers resistance, shortens lives Epidemic -- Sudden outbreak at local, regional scale Pandemic -- Worldwide spread
SLEEPING SICKNESS
Most of world’s remaining Animists Most of world’s remaining Animists - But missionaries spreading Christianity and Islam
The Roots of Religion
War and Failed Political Leadership Common War and Failed Political Leadership Common - Few successful democracies; political violence common
- Free press is rare
- Conflicts limit foreign investment
The Sahel – 7 countries
“Sahel” = “Shore” - Southern edge of the Sahara
Semi-Desert Grasses and small trees
Sahel Environment
Desertification of the Sahel Expansion of Sahara, due to:
Cultural Transition of the Sahel North of Sahel – Light-skinned Muslims
South of Sahel Black Africans Christian or animist
Mostly Muslim, Black Africans Mostly Muslim, Black Africans
Savanna in north Savanna in north Tropical Rainforests on Coast
Southern Benin
Peanuts in savanna north Peanuts in savanna north Cocoa & Palm Oil in rainier south
Palm Oil Palm Oil - Ingredient of Food & Soap
Cash crop economies are a major problem throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
Mali Kingdom Mali Kingdom - Capital: Timbuktu, on southern edge of Sahara
- Ancient Trade & Educational Center
- Niger River
- Pop = 100,000 in 1500 AD
- Pop = 15,000 now
Niger River
Liberia Founded 1847 by freed American Slaves Capital: Monrovia named for… Civil War: since 1980 war – child soldiers
Largest pop. In Africa 3 Main Concentrations
250+ Ethnic Groups 250+ Ethnic Groups - Yoruba in SW
- Lagos – Nigeria’s largest city
- Ibo in SE
- Hausa & Fulani in N
- Muslims
- Kano – Nigeria’s main Muslim city
- Shari’a (Islamic Law)
Nigeria Oil - 90% of export income
- Niger Delta
- Coastal oil to Angola
Ethnic Tensions & Violence Ethnic Tensions & Violence - Civil War in late 1960s
- Ibo unsuccessfully tried to secede
Capital moved - From Lagos to Abuja
- Abuja – in “neutral” region
Central Africa
Tropical Rainforests
Central Africa Resources Coastal Oil D. R. Congo - Rich in Metals & Diamonds
- Old name = “Zaire”
- Terrible Corruption & Warfare
EAST AFRICA 5 Countries Landscape - Plateau
- Rift Valleys
- Lake Victoria
Nairobi, Kenya 5000’ Elevation “Year-round spring” Industrial Center of East Africa
Agriculture
Ex-Belgian Colonies
RWANDA 2 Tribes - Hutu (Majority)
- Tutsi (Minority)
1994 Genocide against Tutsi - Million killed in 100 days
RWANDA
Horn of Africa 4 Countries - Ethiopia
- Eritrea
- Djibouti
- Somalia
Hot, Dry Coastal Lowlands Hot, Dry Coastal Lowlands Ethiopian Highlands
Ethiopian Highlands
Historical Background Ethiopian Kingdom - Adopted Christianity, 300 AD
Ethiopia Difficult Environment: - Deep Canyons Isolated Villages
- Crops Depend on Erratic Rainfall
- Prolonged Drought Famine
Minerals in Southern Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Rep. So. Africa - Gold
- Diamonds
- Platinum
- Coal
Rep. of South Africa Environment - Middle Latitudes
- 5000’ Plateau
- Mild Temps (60-70F)
Drakensberg Mtns. RSA
Republic of South Africa Blacks = 75% Whites = 14% Coloreds = 8% (mixed race) Asians = 3% (mostly Indians)
History of RSA Dutch Settlers Cape Town, est. 1652 - “Boers”
- Descendents: “Afrikaners”
British control, 1800s
History of RSA Independence, 1910 1994 Elections
Johannesburg & Pretoria Johannesburg & Pretoria - “High Veld” Region
- Grassy Plateau
Durban Cape Town
Johannesburg Largest City… Built amid…
Durban Zulus Sugarcane Plantations Asians (Indians)
Durban
Cape Town Legislative Capital Beautiful Location
Cape Town Area - Mediterranean Climate Winter rain Spring wildflowers
Vineyards & Wineries
Settled 2000 years ago by… Settled 2000 years ago by…
Mtns
Madagascar
Madagascar Endangered Species - Lemurs
- Habitat Destruction…
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