blueprint for developing swine surveillance systems.
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Foreign Animal
Disease
Rapid detection of FAD outbreak on domestic soil
Detect outbreaks of FAD on foreign soil
Monitor risk associated with domestic outbreak of FAD
Trade
Document disease-free status
Describe disease prevalence patterns for regionalization
Disease control
Assess progress in eradication and control campaigns
Assess progress in education campaigns
Assess progress in reduction of food-borne pathogens and
zoonotic disease
Emerging Animal
Disease
Describe trends in hazards, exposures, and health conditions
Recognition of emerging diseases
Surveillance plans, supporting documents, and reports should use similar terminology to
declare the objectives of the surveillance system.
The objectives of a surveillance system and use of its data for decision-making may change
over time, and these changes must be documented and shared with stakeholders and
responsible parties.
Priorities. Surveillance systems with multiple objectives must identify and justify the priority
of those objectives. Criteria prioritization might include impacts on trade and productivity,
animal welfare concerns, feasibility of control, cost of surveillance, and public health
implications. Implementation of the surveillance system should demonstrate these priorities.
See standard 1.12 for priorities in surveillance system implementation.
1.4
Expected Outcomes: Products, Decisions, and Actions
Expected outcomes include the information resulting from the surveillance effort, which is then used
for decision-making, policy development, and action—as well as the physical products that are
generated, such as databases and reports.
Standard:
Surveillance planning documents articulate the expected outcomes of the surveillance
system and describe the resulting products, including the decisions and actions
resulting from implementation.
Expected outcomes:
a. Include specific statements for actions to be taken following identification of cases,
and methods for ensuring timely response. This may be a reference to a VS
response plan, to Uniform Methods and Rules (UM&R), or other actions that
surveillance will trigger.
b. Include specific statements regarding actions to be taken when surveillance
demonstrates freedom from the disease at the chosen threshold of detection, such
as design prevalence or detection limit.
1
Bush E, Lautner E, McKean J, Miller L. Swine Futures Project Final Report. U.S. Department of
Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; 1999.
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c. Include specific statements regarding how the surveillance system information will
affect policy development and agency decision-making.
d. Include metrics allowing for evaluating performance of the surveillance. See
standard 1.14 for surveillance plan performance metrics.
e. Are consistent with the objectives of the surveillance system.
f. Are a priority for those responsible for managing the surveillance system to ensure
that the outcomes are realized.
g. Are periodically reviewed by stakeholders and responsible parties to compare
these outcomes with the surveillance system products as part of internal system
review. See document describing Surveillance System Evaluation Protocol; for
more information, e-mail national.surveillance.unit@aphis.usda.gov.
Supporting Information:
The expected outcomes are statements that describe, using clear and specific terms, the
tangible products that will result from the surveillance system. Expected outcomes include
products such as data, reports, and information that will influence policy development or
decision-making.
Examples of expected outcomes:
“The surveillance system will produce an annual summary report describing detailed
information on the status of DISEASE “X” in the United States…”
“The surveillance system will provide timely and useful information to Federal and State
decision-makers that will be used to determine what, if any, additional eradication efforts
for DISEASE “X” are needed…”
“The surveillance system will provide annual updates on the effectiveness of educational
programs in reducing the incidence of DISEASE “X” in the States of a, b, c, and d…”
Statements of expected outcomes form the foundation for assessment of the surveillance
system.
1.5 Stakeholders and Responsible Parties
Standard:
The stakeholders and the individuals responsible for designing, implementing,
managing, and disseminating information on the surveillance
system are clearly
identified in the surveillance planning documents.
a. Responsible parties and stakeholders are identified by role, title, group name,
or agency rather than by name.
b. Responsible parties and stakeholders are consulted and engaged in
surveillance planning and may, in some cases, contribute to the surveillance
plan and procedures.
c. Responsible parties have appropriate and adequate training to fulfill their
responsibilities. See Chapter 3.
d. An Information Technology (IT) team is identified early in the surveillance
planning process; this team is responsible for developing and implementing
the database system, including data entry and reporting requirements, for the
surveillance program.
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