Union, his last trip occurring in 1983. Harriman died at his home in Yorktown
Heights, New York, on 26 July 1986.
Thomas D. Veve
See also
Acheson, Dean Gooderham; Bohlen, Charles Eustis; Johnson, Lyndon Baines; Ken-
nan, George Frost; Laos; Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr.; Lovett, Robert Abercrombie;
Marshall Plan; McCloy, John Jay; Partial Test Ban Treaty; Rockefeller, Nelson
Aldrich; Roosevelt, Franklin Delano; Soviet Union; Truman, Harry S.; Vietnam
War
References
Abel, Elie, and W. Averell Harriman. Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946.
New York: Random House, 1975.
Abramson, Rudy. Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891–1986.
New York: William Morrow, 1992.
Harriman, W. Averell. America and Russia in a Changing World: A Half Century of Per-
sonal Observation. New York: Doubleday, 1971.
Isaacson, Walter, and Evan Thomas. The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They
Made; Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, McCloy. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1986.
See Aideed, Mohamed Farah
King of Morocco (1961–1999). Born Moulay Hassan on 9 July 1929 in Rabat,
Hassan was the first son of Sultan Mohammed V and his wife Lalla Abla. He
received a classical education at the Imperial College in Rabat and later at the
University of Bordeaux in France, where he obtained a law degree in 1952.
Following World War II, which had seen Morocco support the Allied
cause with 350,000 troops, the movement in the French protectorate for
independence gained momentum. Despite deep ties with the French and
with French culture, Hassan and his father were strong nationalists who were
eventually forced into exile during 1953–1956. Upon Moroccan indepen-
dence in 1956 and Mohammad V’s return (he began calling himself king
in 1957), Hassan was named chief of staff of the royal armed forces and
deputy prime minister. More important, Hassan gained the practical polit-
ical experience to lead the nation through the tumultuous years following
independence.
Hassan II, King of Morocco
897
Hassan, Mohammad
Farah
Hassan II,
King of Morocco
(1929–1999)
Upon the unexpected death of King Mohammed V in
March 1961, Hassan became king as Hassan II. He ruled
Morocco for the next thirty-eight years, surviving two
coups and persistent Islamic fundamentalist insurgency.
Although ostensibly a constitutional monarch, in reality
King Hassan II controlled nearly all sectors of government
through strong executive powers, key appointments, and
command of the military. He ruled with an iron fist, and
those who opposed his policies often suffered repression.
In the 1960s he worked to dismantle the opposition leftist
National Union Party (Union Socialiste des Forces Popu-
laires). His heavy-handedness was especially meted out to
those supporting independence for Western Sahara, which
Morocco unequivocally claims as its own territory and has
sought to annex since Spain abandoned the region in the
mid-1970s. For these reasons, Hassan often faced interna-
tional criticism for human rights abuses.
Nevertheless, Hassan increasingly instituted many
democratic principles during his leadership. During his
reign, literacy, women’s equality, education, and economic
well-being in Morocco all increased dramatically. He was a
progressive leader who, despite lacking the charisma of his
father, led Morocco from rural poverty to urban modernity
and prosperity. Hassan’s key characteristic was his ability
to balance relations with both the West, whose economic
and political aid helped modernize his country, and the
Middle East, whose Islamic heritage was his basis for power.
He was a skilled negotiator who mediated numerous con-
tentious issues among his European and Arab neighbors.
One of his most prominent accomplishments in this area
was his work in the 1980s, which sought recognition for
Israel and an end to the Arab-Israeli conflict. During the
Persian Gulf War, he sent troops to defend Saudi Arabia
despite public opposition and mass demonstrations.
Hassan II died of a heart attack on 23 July 1999 after
an extended illness. At the time of his death, he was the
Arab world’s longest-reigning monarch. He was succeeded
by his son, King Mohammed VI.
Mark M. Sanders
See also
Arab Nationalism; Morocco; Western Sahara
References
Hassan II, King of Morocco. The Challenge: The Memoirs of King
Hassan II of Morocco. London: Macmillan, 1978.
Hughes, Stephen O. Morocco under King Hassan. Reading, UK:
Ithaca, 2001.
898
Hassan II, King of Morocco
Forging a powerful role for himself and his country
through a blend of Islamic traditionalism and Western
pragmatism, King Hassan II ruled Morocco for thirty-eight
years until his death in July 1999 at age seventy. (Embassy
of the Kingdom of Morocco)
Conservative Japanese politician and prime minister (1954–1956). Born on
1 January 1883 in Ushigomeku, Tokyo, Hatoyama Ichirom was educated at the
Tokyo Imperial University, from which he earned a law degree in 1907. He
entered politics and was first elected to the lower house of the Japanese leg-
islature (the Diet) in 1915.
Hatoyama was chief cabinet secretary to Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi’s
government from 1927 to 1929. From 1931 to 1934, Hatoyama served two
successive governments as education minister and in the meantime became
a leading member of the conservative Seiyukai Party. As proof of his conser-
vative mettle, when a prominent Kyoto Imperial University professor was
attacked for his liberal views by right-wing ideologues in 1932, Hatoyama
forced him to resign his university position the next year. Hatoyama was also
a member of the Taihei Yokusan-kai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association,
IRAA) during 1942–1943.
After World War II, Hatoyama organized the conservative postwar Lib-
eral Party and became its first president. Because of his past right-wing
politics, however, he was banned from public life by order of the supreme
commander for the Allied powers, General Douglas MacArthur, who con-
trolled the postwar Japanese occupation. Hatoyama was forced to leave his
newly formed party in the hands of Yoshida Shigeru. After the occupation,
Hatoyama returned to politics in late 1951 and founded the Japan Demo-
cratic Party (JDP), becoming its president in 1954. After engineering his own
political rehabilitation and with the aid of the JDP, Hatoyama ousted Prime
Minister Shigeru’s government and became prime minister in 1954.
At the time, a group of leading Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) politi-
cians sought to revise what they considered to be the coercively imposed
MacArthur Constitution. Hatoyama, no fan of MacArthur or of the U.S. occu-
pation, became one of the leading proponents of a constitutional revision.
Under Hatoyama’s leadership, Japan once again established itself within the
international community and in 1954 began making reparation payments to
nations it had attacked or occupied prior to its 1945 surrender. In 1956 the
Hatoyama government negotiated a termination of hostilities agreement with
the Soviet Union, which then dropped its United Nations veto against Japan’s
membership in the organization.
In failing health, Hatoyama resigned from office in 1956 and was suc-
ceeded by Ishibashi Tanzan. Hatoyama died on 7 March 1959 in Bunkyouku,
Tokyo.
Nenashi Kiichi
See also
Japan; Japan, Occupation after World War II; MacArthur, Douglas
References
Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Hatoyama Ichirom
899
Hatoyama Ichiro¯
(1883–1959)
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