V o L u m e I : a d

Union, his last trip occurring in 1983. Harriman died at his home in Yorktown

Heights, New York, on 26 July 1986.

Thomas D. Veve

See also

Acheson, Dean Gooderham; Bohlen, Charles Eustis; Johnson, Lyndon Baines; Ken-

nan, George Frost; Laos; Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr.; Lovett, Robert Abercrombie;

Marshall Plan; McCloy, John Jay; Partial Test Ban Treaty; Rockefeller, Nelson

Aldrich; Roosevelt, Franklin Delano; Soviet Union; Truman, Harry S.; Vietnam

War

References

Abel, Elie, and W. Averell Harriman. Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946.

New York: Random House, 1975.

Abramson, Rudy. Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891–1986.

New York: William Morrow, 1992.

Harriman, W. Averell. America and Russia in a Changing World: A Half Century of Per-

sonal Observation. New York: Doubleday, 1971.

Isaacson, Walter, and Evan Thomas. The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They

Made; Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, McCloy. New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1986.

See Aideed, Mohamed Farah

King of Morocco (1961–1999). Born Moulay Hassan on 9 July 1929 in Rabat,

Hassan was the first son of Sultan Mohammed V and his wife Lalla Abla. He

received a classical education at the Imperial College in Rabat and later at the

University of Bordeaux in France, where he obtained a law degree in 1952.

Following World War II, which had seen Morocco support the Allied

cause with 350,000 troops, the movement in the French protectorate for

independence gained momentum. Despite deep ties with the French and

with French culture, Hassan and his father were strong nationalists who were

eventually forced into exile during 1953–1956. Upon Moroccan indepen-

dence in 1956 and Mohammad V’s return (he began calling himself king

in 1957), Hassan was named chief of staff of the royal armed forces and

deputy prime minister. More important, Hassan gained the practical polit-

ical experience to lead the nation through the tumultuous years following

independence.

Hassan II, King of Morocco

897

Hassan, Mohammad

Farah

Hassan II,

King of Morocco

(1929–1999)

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Upon the unexpected death of King Mohammed V in

March 1961, Hassan became king as Hassan II. He ruled

Morocco for the next thirty-eight years, surviving two

coups and persistent Islamic fundamentalist insurgency.

Although ostensibly a constitutional monarch, in reality

King Hassan II controlled nearly all sectors of government

through strong executive powers, key appointments, and

command of the military. He ruled with an iron fist, and

those who opposed his policies often suffered repression.

In the 1960s he worked to dismantle the opposition leftist

National Union Party (Union Socialiste des Forces Popu-

laires). His heavy-handedness was especially meted out to

those supporting independence for Western Sahara, which

Morocco unequivocally claims as its own territory and has

sought to annex since Spain abandoned the region in the

mid-1970s. For these reasons, Hassan often faced interna-

tional criticism for human rights abuses.

Nevertheless, Hassan increasingly instituted many

democratic principles during his leadership. During his

reign, literacy, women’s equality, education, and economic

well-being in Morocco all increased dramatically. He was a

progressive leader who, despite lacking the charisma of his

father, led Morocco from rural poverty to urban modernity

and prosperity. Hassan’s key characteristic was his ability

to balance relations with both the West, whose economic

and political aid helped modernize his country, and the

Middle East, whose Islamic heritage was his basis for power.

He was a skilled negotiator who mediated numerous con-

tentious issues among his European and Arab neighbors.

One of his most prominent accomplishments in this area

was his work in the 1980s, which sought recognition for

Israel and an end to the Arab-Israeli conflict. During the

Persian Gulf War, he sent troops to defend Saudi Arabia

despite public opposition and mass demonstrations.

Hassan II died of a heart attack on 23 July 1999 after

an extended illness. At the time of his death, he was the

Arab world’s longest-reigning monarch. He was succeeded

by his son, King Mohammed VI.

Mark M. Sanders

See also

Arab Nationalism; Morocco; Western Sahara

References

Hassan II, King of Morocco. The Challenge: The Memoirs of King

Hassan II of Morocco. London: Macmillan, 1978.

Hughes, Stephen O. Morocco under King Hassan. Reading, UK:

Ithaca, 2001.

898

Hassan II, King of Morocco

Forging a powerful role for himself and his country

through a blend of Islamic traditionalism and Western

pragmatism, King Hassan II ruled Morocco for thirty-eight

years until his death in July 1999 at age seventy. (Embassy

of the Kingdom of Morocco)

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Conservative Japanese politician and prime minister (1954–1956). Born on

1 January 1883 in Ushigomeku, Tokyo, Hatoyama Ichirom was educated at the

Tokyo Imperial University, from which he earned a law degree in 1907. He

entered politics and was first elected to the lower house of the Japanese leg-

islature (the Diet) in 1915.

Hatoyama was chief cabinet secretary to Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi’s

government from 1927 to 1929. From 1931 to 1934, Hatoyama served two

successive governments as education minister and in the meantime became

a leading member of the conservative Seiyukai Party. As proof of his conser-

vative mettle, when a prominent Kyoto Imperial University professor was

attacked for his liberal views by right-wing ideologues in 1932, Hatoyama

forced him to resign his university position the next year. Hatoyama was also

a member of the Taihei Yokusan-kai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association,

IRAA) during 1942–1943.

After World War II, Hatoyama organized the conservative postwar Lib-

eral Party and became its first president. Because of his past right-wing

politics, however, he was banned from public life by order of the supreme

commander for the Allied powers, General Douglas MacArthur, who con-

trolled the postwar Japanese occupation. Hatoyama was forced to leave his

newly formed party in the hands of Yoshida Shigeru. After the occupation,

Hatoyama returned to politics in late 1951 and founded the Japan Demo-

cratic Party (JDP), becoming its president in 1954. After engineering his own

political rehabilitation and with the aid of the JDP, Hatoyama ousted Prime

Minister Shigeru’s government and became prime minister in 1954.

At the time, a group of leading Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) politi-

cians sought to revise what they considered to be the coercively imposed

MacArthur Constitution. Hatoyama, no fan of MacArthur or of the U.S. occu-

pation, became one of the leading proponents of a constitutional revision.

Under Hatoyama’s leadership, Japan once again established itself within the

international community and in 1954 began making reparation payments to

nations it had attacked or occupied prior to its 1945 surrender. In 1956 the

Hatoyama government negotiated a termination of hostilities agreement with

the Soviet Union, which then dropped its United Nations veto against Japan’s

membership in the organization.

In failing health, Hatoyama resigned from office in 1956 and was suc-

ceeded by Ishibashi Tanzan. Hatoyama died on 7 March 1959 in Bunkyouku,

Tokyo.

Nenashi Kiichi

See also

Japan; Japan, Occupation after World War II; MacArthur, Douglas

References

Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present. New

York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Hatoyama Ichirom

899

Hatoyama Ichiro¯

(1883–1959)

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