Glossary of pelagic biogeography r. K. Johnson†, B. J. Zahuranec*, D. Boltovskoy and A. C. Pierrot-Bults
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proceso estocástico Processes that result from the influence of one or more random variables, with the outcome probabilistic (cf deterministic processes).
Fisheries biology: An identifiable subgroup within a fishable species that may or may not be congruent with the concepts of population (qv) or deme (qv). Typically the concept of stock implies greater gene flow between stocks than might be true for identifiable populations or especially demes. stratification estratificación Oceanography: layering of water masses with pycnoclinal interfaces separating the layers.
See discrete depth sampling. stratigraphy estratigrafía Geology: dealing with the study of stratified (layered) rocks in terms of distribution, composition and origin. It also deals with correlation (in the sense of time) of rocks from different localities. stratocoenosis estratocenosis The community of a particular vegetational or physical habitat layer, eg the canopy layer of a forest or the hypolimnion of a stratified lake.
Referring to a pelagic oceanic species occurring in the Southern Ocean West Wind Drift zone between the Subtropical Convergence and the Antarctic Convergence.
Referring to a pelagic oceanic species occurring in the area of the Pacific Subarctic Water Mass or in the Atlantic north of the northern subtropical convergence.
The neritic coastal zone extending from immediately below the littoral (qv) to the shelf break.
A tendency for shallow-dwelling coastal cold temperate marine organisms to follow isotherms in any equatorward extension of range, thus occurring at greater depths when closer to the equator. Has been applied, with very limited evidence, to certain pelagic forms. submergent submergente Pertaining to a plant or plant structure growing entirely under water; submersed. subpolar Oceanic zone where surface temperatures exhibit an annual excursion between (about) 5 - 15°C. subspecies subespecie A geographically defined aggregate of local populations which differs taxonomically (is assigned a name) from other such aggregations of populations within a single species. The only infraspecific taxon recognized within the ICZN to be accorded the status of rank and allowed to receive an available name. substrate sustrato (1) The material or substance on which an enzyme acts. (2) A surface on which an organism grows or is attached [preferred use in this context is substratum (qv)]. (3) An underlying layer; a substratum (qv). substratum sustrato The solid surface on which a benthic organism grows or is attached (cf substrate). subsurface intrusion intrusión subsuperficial A tendency for countercurrent flow at middepth below a boundary current. In the eastern Pacific this results in poleward intrusion (flow) of eastern Pacific equatorial water below the California Current and the Peru Current. subtropical Oceanic zone where surface temperatures exhibit an annual excursion between (about) 15 to 30° C during the year.
One of the seven major patterns of winddriven current flow in the world ocean - the five subtropical anticyclones (qv) are in the North and South Atlantic, South Indian, and North and South Pacific. The two other major patterns are the Monsoon Gyre System of the North Indian Ocean and the West Wind Drift of the Southern Ocean. subtropical convergence convergencia subtropical Convergence zones in both the northern and southern hemispheres between the principal upper water mass area of the central gyre and the subarctic or subantarctic zone poleward. subtropical species especie subtropical Pelagic oceanic species occurring in the water mass area of one or more of the central principal upper water masses.
Ecology: sequential change in a community (classically in vegetation) in response to environmental changes such as perturbation, seasonal inducement (such as Spring bloom succession in the phytoplankton), or the maturation of a community (as in climax biome).
A floating mass of plant material. summer kill mortalidad masiva estival The death, usually of notably large numbers of organisms, usually in lakes and slow-moving streams, due to low oxygen tensions during warm summer conditions. Summer kills typically occur when eutrophic conditions result in super-abundant growth of phytoplankton and micro-organisms that deplete the already low levels of dissolved oxygen. super-organism concept concepto de superorganismo The idea that biological accommodation and the strong ties of species interaction cause a community to behave in some senses as an organism, with homeostatic properties expressed as a tendency (resilience) to restoration of the pre-existing state following perturbation. superspecies superespecie An aggregate of allopatric species or semi-species; formenkreis. suprabenthic suprabéntico Living above but close to the substratum; hyperbenthic. (cf epibenthic, endobenthic). supralithion Aquatic organisms swimming above a rocky substratum but deriving their food from the surface of that substratum.
The seashore zone immediately above the littoral and above the range of tidal submergence although still affected by sea spray.
Aquatic organisms swimming above a soft mud substratum but deriving their food from the surface of that substratum.
Aquatic organisms swimming above a sand substratum but deriving their food from the surface of that substratum.
Plants, typically freshwater flowering plants, that float on the surface of the water (eg water lilies, water hyacinths). surface layer capa superficial See mixed layer. survey reconocimiento, estudio, investigación A sampling effort carried out in systematic fashion, classically with enumeration of flora and fauna and/or other environmental constituents as the major goal.
Graphical description of the survival (longevity) of individuals in a population from birth to the maximum age attained by any one member. Usually plotted as the logarithm of the number of survivors as a function of age, such that a constant mortality rate is illustrated. suspension feeder consumidor de material en suspensión Any organism that feeds on particulate organic matter suspended in water (cf deposit feeder).
Route along which dispersal is unlikely for most groups but does occur for some [eg waif (qv) dispersal].
Living together in close proximity of two dissimilar organisms. The relationship is classified according to effect(s) on each member. Includes amensalism (qv), commensalism (qv), mutualism (qv), and parasitism (qv), among other categories.
Speciation without geographic isolation; the acquisition of isolating mechanisms within a deme (cf allopatric speciation).
The occurrence of two or more populations in the same area, ie the existence of a population in breeding condition within the cruising range of individuals in breeding condition of another population (cf allopatry). symplesiomorphy simplesiomorfía The sharing of "ancestral character states" (qv) by different but “coordinate taxa” (qv). synapomorphy sinapomorfia The sharing of derived (cf derivative) character states by different but “coordinate taxa” (qv). synchronic species especie sincrónica Paleontology: species occurring at the same time level (cf allochronic species). synchronous hermaphroditism hermafroditismo sincrónico Occurrence of functional male and female gonadal tissue at the same time in the same individual, with synchronous maturation of eggs and sperm. Particularly for the deepsea, the possibility of self-fertilization may exist but has not been demonstrated. synecology sinecología Ecology: The study of whole plant and animal communities including the physical and chemical as well as the biological environment (cf autecology). synergism sinergismo Situation where two factors operate in tandem to produce a result more noteworthy, or more extreme, or more beneficial, or just plain different from the operation of the two factors independently. synonym sinónimo Taxonomy: each of two or more different names for the same taxon. synthesis síntesis (1) The act of assembly of parts or constituents to form a whole. (2) Philosophy: the process of deductive reasoning from first principles to a conclusion.
Used of populations or species that occupy the same or similar macrohabitats within a given geographic area. (cf sympatry). Syntopy sometimes implies closer approximation (within same habitat) than sympatry (within same geographic area). syntype sintipo Taxonomy: Every specimen in a type-series in which no holotype (qv) was designated by the original author of the name in a species-level taxon.
The study of the diversity of organisms, in space and in time (cf taxonomy). systems ecology ecología de sistemas Ecology: Study of entire systems of interacting populations in a complex and dynamic physical, chemical and biological environmental setting. Often such studies involve construction of complex models (still much simpler than reality) in order to predict responses to inputs. syzygy sicigia The time at which the sun and the moon are in line with the earth and each other, either in conjunction or in opposition, associated with spring tides (cf quadrature).
The relationship between temperature and salinity over a specified depth range (the depth of sampling), commonly plotted on a nomograph (qv).
Plots of T-S curves from samples drawn from the same water mass (throughout its depth and over the area of its occurrence) produce very similar plots forming a water mass envelope. The characteristic signature and identifying feature of a water mass envelope (for the principal subsurface water masses) a restricted zone of origin, typically at high latitude, at or near the surface, in winter.
Actively moving aquatic organisms comprising both crawling (herpon) and free-swimming (natatory) forms.
Rate of evolution within a group that is much faster than the (empirically determined) average or horotelic rate (qv), usually occurring during adaptive radiation (qv) of a lineage but also may reflect on punctuated equilibria (qv) (cf bradytelic). tang line The highest continuous line on the shore along which a particular seaweed grows; applied mostly to kelps including laminarians but to other algal groups as well.
Study of the environmental processes and phenomena that affect organic remains after death, including fossilization and the assemblage of fossil "communities" (taphocoenoses).
Generalized behavioral reaction to an environmental stimulus (qv), such as light, temperature, pressure, gravity, etc. taxon taxón Population or group of populations sufficiently distinct to be named, be ranked, and establish a geographic distribution.
Theory that a species spreads while adapted to one habitat, then becomes more restricted in its range (often splitting into two or more species) while adapting to another habitat. For example in island species widespread low-elevation taxa are commonly the most recent colonists whilst the taxa restricted to montane rain forest are the older taxa on the island. taxonomic (Linnean) hierarchy jerarquía taxonómica (linnena) A hierarchical system of taxonomic categories arranged in ascending series of ranks: Botany (12 ranks): Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Tribe, Genus, Section, Series, Species, Variety, Form. Zoology (7 ranks): Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Any of a number of additional categories can be introduced subject to peer review and review by the Editor, for example, by prefixing with sub-, supra- or infra-. Cladists like a lot of them. taxonomy taxonomía The theory and practice of classifying and naming organisms (cf systematics). tectonics tectónica See plate tectonics. teleology teleología The doctrine that natural phenomena result from or are shaped by design or purpose. teleplanic teleplánico Meroplanktonic (qv) larvae capable of spending long periods of time in the plankton, in many cases capable of very long distance dispersal via advection, and exhibiting special adaptations for a long planktonic life. telmatium A wet meadow or marsh community. terrigenous mud fango terrígeno A marine sediment composed of at least 30% silt and sand derived from the land. territory territorio The local geographic area inhabited, controlled or defended by an animal. tertiary production producción terciaria The production ( see primary production) of carnivorous animals preying on the herbivore population in the system of reference.
The sea that more or less separated the two Mesozoic supercontinents of Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south.
Pertaining to the seas or deep ocean waters. thanatocoenosis tanatocenosis An assemblage of organisms brought together after death (taphocoenosis, see taphonomy). thermal stratification estratificación térmica Oceanography: The layering or vertical division of the water column based on temperature differences. thermium termobios A hot spring community. thermocline termoclina A zone of rapid change of temperature with distance, usually in the vertical dimension. thermohaline circulation circulación termohalina Oceanic circulation caused by induction of density differences between water masses; usually such processes result in the cooling (and sometimes, through freezing of sea ice, increasing the salinity) of water at the surface at high latitudes(eg North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water) or an increase in salinity (and therefore density) through evaporation (eg Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea outflows). thermoregulation termoregulación See homoiotherm. thermotaxis termotaxis Orientation or movement induced by a heat stimulus. thigmotaxis (stereotaxis) tigmotaxis Change in orientation or in direction of locomotion in response to a tactile (touch) stimulus.
Organisms inhabiting anaerobic sulfur-rich environments. threshold umbral A minimum quantity or value needed to produce a given effect. tidal day día mareal The period between two consecutive higher high waters at a given place, averaging 24 hr 51 min.
planicie de marea Shallow smooth areas of sea bottom (frequently in estuaries) that are exposed at low tides, usually barren of macroscopic vegetation.
Tidal flats covered with pasture-like vegetation, always dominated by halophytic angiosperms (eg Spartina, Juncus, Salicornia). tidal zone zona de mareas The zone along the shoreline directly affected by the rise and fall of the tides, between the level of the highest high tide and lowest low tide. tide marea Rise and fall of sea level in response to the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun. time series serie de tiempo Repetitive sampling and/or observation of a population over a duration of time sufficient to allow meaningful inferences about demographic and life history parameters.
Hypothesis that diversity in a community will increase if stable conditions persist over time. Concomitant hypothesized consequences include increased specialization, increased diversity, increased equitability, decreased dominance, niche diversification. tiphic Pertaining to ponds. tolerance tolerancia Ecology: The ability of an organism to function in suboptimal environmental conditions. tolerance polygon polígono de tolerancia Graphic representation of upper and lower tolerance limits with respect to any physical or chemical environmental variable (ordinate; eg temperature, salinity, etc.) vs conditions of acclimation (qv) (abscissa). topotype topotipo Taxonomy: A specimen collected at the type locality; has no official ICZN standing. torrenticoulous de torrente Living in river torrents. totipotency totipotente In development a measure of the retention of the ability of cells or tissues to differentiate freely into any cell or tissue end-product, typically in response to positional or environmental control. (cf differentiation). toxicant tóxico Any material, usually a chemical compound, capable of inducing death or other incapacitation in an organism. toxicity toxicidad Of or referring to the death or other debilitating effect produced in an organism by a toxicant (qv). tracer trazador Property or substance used in advection/diffusion method of Lagrangian (qv) measurement (cf biological tracer, core method).
Map depicting the range limits of a particular organism, population, species or higher category OTU (qv) (cf node).
Meteorology: Essentially uniform tropical wind blowing towards the equator from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and from the southeast in the southern hemisphere; the at-surface manifestation of the tropical Hadley cell (cf convection).
Any detectable phenotypic property of an organism; a character or character state. transect transecta Linear sampling design most commonly used to investigate an environmental gradient (eg of salinity in a salt marsh). Originally employed in vegetation analysis, now widely used for both plant and animal population and community ecology. transformation series serie de transformación The sequenced series of homologous character states representing an evolutionary trend in a character (and in a lineage), typically from plesiomorphous (qv) to apomorphous (qv).
Paleontology/ historical geology: The spread of the sea over a land area (cf regression). transition region reión de transición Biogeography: An ecotonal zone separating two or more water mass regions (or any other similarly-defined ecosystem-assemblage areas), typically characterized, in the case of water mass transition by an intermediate and variable hydrography and by mixed floras and faunas.
A species endemic to a transition region (qv). transition zone zona de trancisión Oceanography: Areas with mixed water mass properties. Classic examples include boundary current extensions and the boundary between the subtropical gyres and high latitude circulation systems. transport transporte Volume of water (or air) advected per unit time by a major oceanic (atmospheric) current. In the case of major ocean currents one common unit of transport description is 106 m3 sec-1 (= 1 Sverdrup, Sv). Tricellular Model modelo tricelular See Hadley Cell. tripton Non-living particulate matter suspended in water, a component of seston (qv). trophic level nivel trófico Literally feeding level, in a food web or chain, eg primary producer, primary consumer (herbivore), secondary consumer (carnivore 1), tertiary consumer (carnivore 2), and so forth. Organisms are assigned to the highest trophic level at which they are currently functioning but such assignment is normally ontogenetically variable in the case of consumers. Yüklə 0,85 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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