ix
B
B
O
O
X
X
a
a
n
n
d
d
T
T
A
A
B
B
L
L
E
E
S
S
BOX 1
Main Exclusionary Dynamics ............................................................. 15
BOX 2
Socially Creative Strategies "out" of Exclusion .................................. 16
TABLE 1 Modalities of Democracy .................................................................... 19
TABLE 2 Modalities of Governance ................................................................... 23
TABLE 3 Types of Multi-level Governance and Politics of Scale ...................... 70
GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY
–
KATARIS PROJECT
13
I
I
N
N
T
T
R
R
O
O
D
D
U
U
C
C
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N
This paper contains some findings of the project “KATARSIS – Growing Inequality and
Social Innovation: Alternative Knowledge and Practice in Overcoming Social Exclusion in
Europe” (
http://katarsis.ncl.ac.uk
http://katarsis.ncl.ac.uk
) which was financed by the European Commission within
the Sixth Framework Programme on “Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-based
Society”.
KATARSIS worked as an interdisciplinary platform on which research teams
specialised in the study of the consequences of growing inequality and social exclusion
exchanged their knowledge and work towards a better integration of their research
programmes and methodologies among each other. Additionally, practitioners from local
governments, social movements, NGOs and so forth collaborated with their ground based
knowledge. Within the resulting transdisciplinary framework, the thematic focus has been on a
unique type of response to growing exclusion, namely the creative and socially innovative
strategies by which people react to conditions of exclusion. This paper was part of a literature
survey, covering five existential fields: (1) Labour Market and Social Economy, (2) Education
and Training, (3) Housing and Neighbourhood, (4) Health and Environment, and (5) the field
of this paper: Governance and Democracy. Besides the survey of the relevant academic
literature to governance and democracy, the first steps towards linking theories to actor’s
strategies were taken by introducing case studies, which were taken as contradictory examples
where socially innovative strategies have taken place.
“Governance and democracy” (WP 1.5) is an existential field of KATARSIS that differs from
the other four in an important respect. While these focus on specific loci of socioeconomic
inequality the issues covered in WP 1.5 have a double role – they are examined as specific loci
of social exclusion and as processes leading to social inclusion or exclusion in other fields.
This approach is based on the understanding that social exclusion (and therefore social
inclusion as well) has two dimensions – a content and a process dimension. This
differentiation is reflected in the discussion about “exclusion from” or “exclusion through” in
the other existential fields and can be traced back to two different underlying ideals of social
justice. When targeting “exclusion through” the focus is on equality of opportunity, while
fighting “exclusion from” needs to rest on some notion of equality of outcome. Interestingly
enough, Labonte (2004: 119) argues that these different conceptions of social justice are also
what differentiates the concepts of social inclusion (focus on equality of opportunity) and
social exclusion (focus on (in)equality of outcome). However, discourses on social exclusion
tend to be mainly concerned with the content dimension of social inequality whilst those
concerned with social inclusion focus on creating equal opportunities (process dimension).