Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Ibid., pp. 180-181, and cf. pp. 130-133, 144, 150-151, 160-163 and 177-179.

191 Cf. Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación de Perú (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Peru) (CVR), Informe Final (Final Report), book VII (Part I: The Process, the Facts, the Victims), Lima, CVR, 2003, pp. 81, 97, 100, 116, 119, 130-158, 233-245 (case of La Cantuta), 369, 390, 475-493 (case Barrios Altos); and cf. pp. 455-473 on the case of students disappearances of Universidad Nacional del Centro (1990-1992).

192 Paragraphs 115-116 (emphasis added).

193 Peru Constitutional Court, Judgment of November 29, 2005 (re: S. Martín Rivas), file No. 4587-2004-AA/TC, p. 19, paras. 81-83.

194 Ibid., p. 18, para. 78.

195 CVR, Final Report, op. cit. supra No. (3), sections 2(19), pp. 605-632, and 2(22), pp. 233-245.

196 CVR, Final Report, op. cit. supra No. (3), section 2(45), pp. 475-493.

197 CVR, Final Report, op. cit. supra No. (3), section 2(58), pp. 629-647.

198 CVR, Final Report, op. cit. supra No. (3), section 1(2)(1), pp. 59, 63, 65, 67-68, 107, 118, 131-132, 143, 151, 178, 191, 212-213, 260, 380, 401, 404-406, 408, 410, 413-414, 417, 421, 436, 439, 467-468, 472-475, 480-481, 484, 498-500, 504, 510, 521 and 529.

199 At present, Joint Library with the Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos (IIDH), that I was pleased to open.

200 Para. 189, and operative paragraph No. 7 (emphasis added).

201 Permanently settled in Brasilia, but as invited Professor in many of the main Universities in every continent.

202 Efraín Rúa, El Crimen de La Cantuta - La Desaparición y Muerte de un Profesor y Nueve Estudiantes que Estremeció al País, 4th. ed., Lima, Universidad La Cantuta, 2005, p. 41.

203 Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos (APRODEH), De la Tierra Brotó la Verdad - Crimen e Impunidad en el Caso La Cantuta, Lima, APRODEH, 1994, p. 9.

204 As it is known, the Universities appeared in the European continent during the Low Middle Age, cultivating essentially scholastic reasoning and debating methods. By the end of the 14th Century, the concept of University approached this of today; during Renaissance, the term Universitas acquires the present meaning . The feeling of universality was encouraged by the use of Latin, by the culture of universal knowledge (to be spread everywhere), and by the gradual search of authors of every culture. As time went by (until the 18th Century), Universities looked for their legal autonomy.

205 Another form of aggression, which has regrettably become normal in our shadow times, is the so called “privatization” of public Universities as “State policy” (in a dreadful inversion of values). As a defender of public University (thus belonging to an extinguishing species), I consider teaching as a public asset, to be conveyed from generation to generation, and not goods to be sold to whoever can pay more. At present, in the neighborhoods of Latin-American cities, there is a “Private University” next to any bakery, willing to “teach”, or, rather, to inform on anything, as long as they are well paid (with due respect for the bakeries which provide us, at an affordable price –almost a giveaway price-, our daily bread).

206 V.g., the military occupation of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in May, 1992. And to this, other acts of violence are added, such as, for instance, the case of the disappeared students of the Universidad Nacional del Centro in Huancayo; cf. "Huancayo y Cantuta: Dónde Están los Desaparecidos?", 4 Ideele Magazine (November, 1992) No. 44, pp. 13-14. Also, the crime of La Cantuta was attributed – as notorious and public – to a reprisal perpetrated by the Grupo Colina of extermination of senderistas, by the Tarata street attack; cf. U. Jara, Ojo por Ojo - La Verdadera Historia del Grupo Colina, op. cit. supra No. (1), p. 177.

207 A.A. Cançado Trindade, "Speech by the President of the Inter-American Human Rights Court at the Celebrations during the 450th Anniversary of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Appointed as Emeritus Professor),” 58 Revista de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - Lima (2001) nrs. 1-2, pp. 729-730 and 733, paras. 21-24 and 33.

208 A.A. Cançado Trindade, "Hacia el Nuevo Jus Gentium del Siglo XXI: El Derecho Universal de la Humanidad", in A.A. Cançado Trindade Doctor Honoris Causa - Cuadernos del Archivo de la Universidad (No. 39), Lima, PUC/Peru, 2005, p. 38, and cf. pp. 30-41.

209 Cf., Regarding that matter, A.A. Cançado Trindade, A Humanização do Direito Internacional, Belo Horizonte/Brasil, Edit. Del Rey, 2006, pp. 175-193.

210 J. Ortega y Gasset, Misión de la Universidad (1930), Madrid, Rev. Occidente/Alianza Ed., 2002 [reed.], pp. 35-36, and cf. pp. 37, 40-41 and 53.

211 P. Rossi, El Pasado, la Memoria, el Olvido, Buenos Aires, Ed. Nueva Visión, 2003 [reed.], p. 33.

212 As it happened, inter alia, during the first years of its existence, also with the University where I lecture International Law since three decades ago: the University of Brasilia.

213 According to a recent account, “President Fujimori had decided not to leave any free space to his opponents. Thus, he ordered his parliamentary majority to set forth the reorganization of the Universities of San Marcos and La Cantuta, places where the students had claimed his responsibility in crimes against humanity” ; Efraín Rúa, El Crimen de la Cantuta - La Desaparición y Muerte..., op. cit. supra No. (14), p. 276.

214 M. Raffin, La Experiencia del Horror - Subjetividad y Derechos Humanos en las Dictaduras y Posdictaduras del Cono Sur, Buenos Aires, Edit. del Puerto (Colección Tesis Doctoral, No. 5), 2006, p. 147.

215 Cf., regarding that matter, v.g., F. Báez, História Universal da Destruição dos Livros, Rio de Janeiro, Ediouro, 2006, pp. 17-376.

216 As remembered by this Court’s Judgment, para. 80(91).

217 A matter that is analyzed in my Separate Opinion (paras. 1-68) in that case.

218 APRODEH, De la Tierra Brotó la Verdad..., op. cit. supra No. (7), p. 5.

219 And also cf. paras. 239-241, regarding the intangibility of imperative rules of International Law (jus cogens) and the role of education in human rights.