Investment in infrastructure three pillars of city resilience

There is a range of tools used by public sector to capture land value gains
INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE
Leveraging public real assets
Development charges
Sale of development rights
Land pooling /readjustment
Special assessments/
betterment levies
Disposition (sale or lease) of excess/underutilized public assets (land, property) for cash that is re-invested in local infrastructure
Developer receives development rights (or tenure rights in land, or approval of land use changes) in exchange for obligation to compensate in cash (or provide in-kind) the cost of certain items of public infrastructure benefitting larger area.
Development rights or certificates of additional density are sold for cash to finance infrastructure improvements
Land owners or occupants voluntarily contribute part of their land for infrastructure development and for sale to cover some project cost. In return, each land owner receives a serviced plot of smaller area with higher value within the same neighborhood.
Locally administered tax increments (property taxes, sales taxes, etc.) that generate additional tax revenues for re-investment in local infrastructure
Tax increment financing
Capturing increases in property/land tax base (after infrastructure upgrades) and using such incremental tax proceeds as collateral and refinancing source for infrastructure loans
LVC mechanisms can be promoted both on privately-owned and public lands, depending on local context
Privately-owned land or public land lease*
Development changes
Sale of development rights
Land pooling/readjustment
Special tax assessments and Tax Increment Financing
Publicly-owned land
Sale/lease of land that underwent public infrastructure upgrades
Sale/lease of land with development conditions (i.e. negotiated contribution for infrastructure or affordable housing)
Land as an equity contribution towards a joint venture
* Long term ground lease in this context is considered equivalent to private ownership
INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE