Issn: 2776-0979, Volume 4, Issue 5, May, 2023 306 the formation and development of the modern banking system in korea

 

ISSN: 2776-0979, Volume 4, Issue 5, May, 2023
 
308 
deregulation was completed all five leading commercial banks. In December 1989, 
was privatized by the Korean Exchange Bank 
When Park Chung Hee became president in 1961, he organized a highly centralized 
government with the power to direct the economy. Park quickly nationalized all 
banks, took control of foreign borrowing, and merged the agricultural cooperative 
movement with the agricultural bank. The government also took control of all forms 
of institutional credit, giving Park great control over the business community.
The government began to liberalize the banking system in the mid-1980s by 
denationalizing several banks, but refused to allow individual chaebol to acquire 
controlling shares in these banks. The government still maintained strong managerial 
controls over these banks through the Bank of Korea's Office of Bank Supervision and 
Examination, which, under the guidance of the Monetary Board, supervised and 
regularly examined banking institutions. Most of the credit provided by these banks 
went to the chaebol, but the banks also were required by law to make at least one-
third of their business loans to small and medium-sized firms.
South Korea's financial sector in the late 1980s included a diversified commercial 
banking system, a securities market, and a wide range of secondary financial 
institutions. The banks kept pace with the rest of the economy, particularly after the 
liberalization and modernization of financial institutions in the mid-1980s and the 
establishment of the capital market system based on the Fifth Five-Year Economic 
and Social Development Plan.
The Bank of Korea was established as the central bank on June 12, 1950. Its major 
functions included the issuance of all currency; the formulation and execution of 
monetary and credit policies; the conduct of the bulk of foreign exchange control 
business; the research, collection, and preparation of statistics on many aspects of 
South Korea's financial system; and the supervision and regulation of the activities of 
private banks. The Bank of Korea engaged in loan and deposit transactions for the 
government; additionally, the bank transacted various government business 
activities. It also made loans to and received deposits from other banking institutions; 
all banks maintained their solvency through balances at the Bank of Korea.
South Korea's five major commercial banks (Chohung, Commercial, First, Hanil, and 
Seoul) were privately held. Together with two city bank joint ventures--the Kor-Am 
Bank and the Shin-Han (co-owned with the United States and Japan respectively)--
there were 961 commercial bank branches across South Korea at the end of 1987. 
Local banks were found in every province.
The Bank of Korea regulated all commercial banking activities under the provisions 
of the General Banking Act passed in 1954. Commercial banks got their money 

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