Jesus, the Mass, and Johanna Hiffernan: Study of Paschal Colours in Finnegans Wake
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Jesus, the Mass, and Johanna Hiffernan: Study of Paschal Colours in Finnegans Wake
“You know the dinkel dale of Luggelaw? Well, there once dwelt a local heremite, Michael Arklow was his river-end name,
(with many a sigh I aspersed his lavabibs!)” (203.17-19) The Asperges 1 On Sundays before the principal Mass the church and congregation
are sprinkled with holy water. Antiphon P. Asperges me C. Domine, hyssopo, et mundabor: lavabis me, et super nivem dealbabor. Ps.
Miserere mei, Romanes eunzt domus Deus, secundum magnam misericordiam tuam. Antiphon P. Thou shalt sprinkle me, C. Lord, with hyssop and I shall be cleansed; thou shalt wash me, and I shall be made whiter than snow. Ps.
Have mercy on me, O. God, according to thy great mercy.
Introduction Before proceeding in this exercise of recreating the eclesiastic atmosphere which permeates areas of Finnegans Wake and stirring the memories of those who attended mass before 1962, I would like to point out that Joyce, who appears to have had a good grasp of Catholic lithurgy (as did the Church on him), used the Catechism, popular conceptions and misconceptions, iconography, myth, and scholarly works to relate what may, or may not, have happened on the 11th hour of the year of our Lord 30; or any other year for that matter. I will try as I can, by “fadograph”, to revisit the church of the past and its Tridentine Mass. The treatment is brief and I’ve had to ignore a great deal, as it often has to be with rendering Finnegans Wake. A more complete version for next Easter? Maybe? Will I block your door with my foot to witness any of the major religions embracing Jesus? Certainly not. No one needs worry. The message is universal.
1 The Tridentine Mass. The Mass before Vatican 2 reforms, 1962. P =priest, C =choir. Red and black as printed in the Missal. The first words of the mass.
www.sacred-texts.com/chr/lmass/ord.htm
Kyrie-2.mp3 2
Joahanahanahana
"others gigging gaily, some sedated in sedans: my priccoping gents, aroger, aroger, my dam- sells softsidesaddled, covertly, covertly, and Lawdy Dawe a perch behind: the mule and the hinny and the jennet and the mustard nag and piebald shjelties and skewbald awknees steppit lively (lift ye the left and rink ye the right! ) for her pleashadure: and she lalaughed in her diddydid domino to the switcheries of the whip. Down with them! Kick! Playup! Mattahah! Marahah! Luahah! Joahanahanahana!" (554.01-10)
to shout עשו ה אנ ! Ὡ ! Hosanna!, teasing us with Joshua (Yehoshua) and Hoshana', recalling the Hoshanah Rabbah of Jewish lithurgy and Jesus. “...hanahanahana!” acts as a triple exclamation of adoration, mimicking Hosanna, Hosanna, Hosanna! in the highest or, then again, evokes the three rings of the Sanctus bells after the Preface of the Most Holy Trinity just before the Sanctus in the mass. For that matter, it can be seen as mimicking the reoccurring theme of three, in symbol and in dialog, throughout the Roman Catholic Mass. And a few lines prior, p.553, Joyce writes: “velkommen all hankinhunkn in this vongn of Hoseyeh!”
Furthermore, Hosanna is strongly associated with the Feast of Palm Sunday (heorte ton baion, Secundus floricultus, Flower Sunday, Willow Sunday, Dimanche des ramaux, Pâques fleuries, Dominica florida, Blumensonntag), and the mass in celebration of the last visit of our Savior to Jerusalem: seated side-saddle on a donkey (Fig. 1 2 ), greeted by a crowd laying palm fronds before Him, “and I laid down before the trotters” (553.28), (and if the trotters are pig feet and not donkeys?) and waving willow, palm, and myrtle branches; throwing flowers with ululations of joyous adulation filling the air; eating fruit, dancing in the street. Gibbon 3 and Jones et al. 4
examine in great detail the reasons for the crowd's interest in Jesus’ message.
The following, from the first four books of the New Testament 5, may be helpful in recalling the events of Jesus’ 2
Missel Quotidien et Vespéral, 1947. Dom Gérard, L'Abbaye de Clervaux (ed.), Apostolat de la Presse, Montréal, 1519p.
3
Gibbon, C. 1776. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Penguin Books, London, v. 1, ch.15. www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume1/cntnt15.htm
4 Jones, T., Chapman, G., Cleese, J., Gilliam, T., Idle, E., and Palin, M. 1979. Life of Brian. Handmade Films, London, 98 min. 5 Mamalujo et al. 1899. The Holy Bible, Douay-Rheims Version, 1899. www.drbo.org/
Fig. 1. Gloria, Laus et Honor tibi sit Rex Christe Redemptor 2 . Photo: D. Paré
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triumphal entrance into the Holy City. In each, Hosanna (Luke settles for a close equivalent) is cited as an expression of joy. The names of the authors of the Gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, can be detected in the four exclamations “Mattahah! Marahah! Luahah! Joahanahanahana!" (See Appendix I for more complete text).
Matthew 21:1-10
Hosanna to the son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord: Hosanna in the highest. 10 And when he was come into Jerusalem, the whole city was moved, saying: Who is this? (Fig. 2) 6
Christ enters into Jerusalem upon an ass. He curses the barren fig tree and drives the buyers and sellers out of the temple. and others cut down boughs from the trees, and strewed them in the way. 9 And they that went before and they that followed, cried, saying: Hosanna, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. 10 Blessed be the kingdom of our father David that cometh: Hosanna in the highest. Mark 11:1-10
...the whole multitude of his disciples began with joy to praise God with a loud voice, for all the mighty works they had seen, 38 Saying: Blessed be the king who cometh in the name of the Lord, peace in heaven, and glory on high! Luke 19:29-44
The anointing of Christ's feet. His riding into Jerusalem upon an ass. A voice from heaven. 12 And on the next day, a great multitude that was to come to the festival day, when they had heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem, 13 Took branches of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried: Hosanna, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord, the king of Israel. 14 And Jesus found a young ass, and sat upon it, as it
6 Levebvre, G. 1958. Mon Premier Missel Quotidien. L'abbaye de Saint-André. Éditions Desclée de Brouwer, Bruges, 693p. Fig. 2. Christ enters Jerusalem, Élisabeth Ivanovsky. Photo: D.G. Paré. 4
Fig. 3. Christ enters Jerusalem. St. Paul’s Greek Orthodox Ikon, Irvine, California.
sitting on an ass's colt. John 12:1-20
Zacharia of the old testament relates the events with a twist on bow and fronde.
Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Sion, shout for joy, O daughter of Jerusalem: BEHOLD THY KING will come to thee, the just and saviour: he is poor, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass. 10 And I will destroy the chariot out of Ephraim, and the horse out of Jerusalem, and the bow for war shall be broken: and he shall speak peace to the Gentiles, and his power shall be from sea to sea, and from the rivers even to the end of the earth. Zachariah 9:9-10, ( Fig. 3).
Flowers decorate the corners of the church, contributing to atmosphere. They tone down the austere, stone architecture of many churchs. Flowers help occupy the minds of young parishioners drifting on the soft Latin sung on the edge of their... right; flowers can also help us confirm what we think we see in the porte- manteau words of Finnegans Wake. I think here of the flowers thrown at the Savior as He entered the city on His ass.
Dominica in Palmis, Roman Missal 1920. 7 The multitude goeth forth to meet our Redeemer with flowers and palms, and payeth the homage due to a triumphant Conqueror: the Gentiles proclaim the Son of God; and their voices thunder through the skies in praise of Christ: Hosanna in the highest!
Flowers can also be seen in the four exclamations (a greater challange might be finding a word in Finnegans Wake in which flowers cannot be seen):
“Mattahah!” Matta Hari (or Mahatma Gandhi) was Margaretha Zelle's stage name (marguerite=daisy). Ken Parejko suggests "Mata Hari!" may be an indirect reference to the Sanskrit "eye of the day”, that is, Mother Vishnu, which also supports the interpretation of the next exclamation. Vishnu, mother of God Shiva, was incarnated 10 times to save the world from destruction, the first incarnation, Matsya or The Fish, imparted its knowledge to Manu so that it could slay a demon to return to Brahma the Veda.
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Roman Missale, 1920. www.nocturnale.de/pdf/Missale/Missale.pdf
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Fig.4 . Sacred Heart of Mary Yet another possibility is:
who was of Melea, who was of Menna, who was of Mathatha, who was of Nathan, who was of David... Jesus.
Luke 3:31
“Marahah!” or Mara, better known as Kamadeva or Pushpavān, Hindu Lord of Desire, love, passion and more, wields a bow made of sugarcane with flowered string and flower decorated arrows . He also throws flower darts. As an aside, and because carriages are so important on pages 553 and 554, it is worth mentioning the vagón del Marahah (The Maharajah’s Carriage), built in 1891 for Queen Victoria’s tour of India. The trip did not take place and the car was later presented to King Alfonso XIII, Her grandaughter’s husband, for a Royal trip to the Riotinto Mine, Spain. It is considered the most luxurious railway coach in the world. This may also be echoed in “rickyshaws with Hispain's King's trompateers” (552.36) (or His pain, the Passion of Christ).
“Luahah!” or Luau feast with Pacific Island garlands of tropical flowers. It is interesting how the Hawaiian island of Hana fits comfortably here; “Joahanahanahana!” Hana (KA) 花 ,
1 grammar school cangi made up of important radicals. Hana, is one of the first Chinese characters one learns. The cord of Japanese language and characters through the Wake is thick and here, I believe Joyce means hana as flower. In addition to Joahanahanahana, there are other occurrences in Finnegans Wake where it would seem that “hana and flower are associated. For example, “roshashanaral” (340.27), which combines the Jewish holiday, Rosh HaShanah, with Rose of Sharon at the head of the word, and hana and Nara, Japan at the tail (and maybe also Rozinante de la Mancha) in: “and the roshashanaral, where he sees Bishop Ribboncake plus his pollex prized” (340.27). At this point some may also suggest hashish as in the second syl Boswell! There are some pretty girls here: Church of the Immaculate Conception. Look up, look way up, gold on bone-white letters of the cupola edge, widow's walk; is there a ladder or something to get up there? Ivre
Adam: so pure before the fruit. 8
alcove: carved, Romani ite domvm , braided palm at her feet, lily in her hand (Fig. 4); Sr. Mary McGurk wants the dative case exercise
for
tomorrow; impure
thoughts? Unimaginable! Playwright McNalley fatwa’d by a U.K. Shari'ah court - played mother of Prophet Isa as a prostitute! Oh my...,
8 Jerome, St. 382. Biblia Sacra Vulgata. Pope Damasus I commissioned St. Jerome to translate the Vulgate Bible into Latin from the original Greek and Hebrew.
Fig.5 . White Woman, James Whistler, 1862. Model: Joanna Hiffernan (Jo).
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Fig. 9. Le sommeil (The Sleepers), Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet, 1866. Paris: Musée d'Orsay. Joanna Hiffernan, model.
relief to see the back of the church, back to alter from communion, host stuck to my palate, tastes like blood... keep that to myself... O! her to my right, back a pew from mine. Genuflect. Kneel. Missel, Novalis, below my elbows. Sit. Shocking ox blood red hair with the bare minimum of lace and flowers perched and pinned, a veil for the lord they want?: jo, jo,
just two, une belle Irelandaise , verry red lips, symphony of holy white (Fig. 5). Sad Mary MacDoe. Mass. Stand. Not allowed to look back, snake a look, Lange Lijzen, again, clinkclinkclink and thurible chains, I smelled the goose!, kitty-corner back across the aisle, end of pew, nicely carved. Broken stem lily held limp on hip, so much white, so many shades, holly red lips. Joanna, hana, hana, hana! Fall, one Sunday, she had a flowing dress, long black with orange blossoming flowers, little red butterflys, red-rose hair jumping out of a collection of desires. Stole pembina red from Lent mauve in the week. Sainte-Marie’s: puer
re-up. Soothing rhythm of the sleepers. Down river All. l’Origin du Monde. 9 With your face all white from the winter. Summon up other thoughts now! Summon down help for me Matt. Duets on crazy plaid lable. A much weaker case for an additional reference to "hana " as flower occurs at:
“First klettered Shanator Gregory, seeking spoor through the deep timefield, Shanator Lyons, trailing the wavy line of his partition footsteps” (475.23-25)
This very beautiful phrase appears to combine the power of Rome, SPQR, buried in the earth’s stratigraphic column revealed by spores tacked to the palynological record. The flowers on Quinet’s Grande Pile again.
Jesus’ mount is another point of interest. Peter Crisp pointed out recently that the animals listed, after the more inspiring “claudesdales withe arabinstreeds, madridden mustangs, buckarestive bronchos” (553.35), are much tamer, diminutive, mottled, and somewhat down-trodden but none-the-less hardy troopers. And besides, my God, what greater honour for the lowly donkey! I'm reminded of Don Quixote’s Rozinante:
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Courbet, Jean Désiré Gustave 1866. L'Origine du monde. Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Joanna Hiffernan, model. An image of the painting appears near bottom of the Wikipedia
Note that the public exhibition of this painting was banned in 1867. Fig. 7. September, Sendagi Chrysanthemums. Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 1880. Boasting of Tokyo’s Twelve Seasons. (Scan: D. Paré) Fig. 8. Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 1888. Thirsty: the appearance of a town geisha, a bargirl, in the Ansei era. Thirty-two Aspects of Customs and Manners. (Scan: D. Paré) Fig. 6. Caprice in Purple and Gold (The Golden Screen), James Whistler, 1864. Joanna Hiffernan, model.
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“In the next place he visited his steed, and although this animal had more blemishes than the horse of Gonela, which ‘tantum pellis et ossa fuit,’ yet, in his eyes, neither the Bucephalus of Alexander nor the Cid’s Babieca could be compared with him.” 10
This fits with Jesus' mount(s), I think Matthew was a bit spastic, sometime referred to as a colt, mule, mule’s colt, ass, or foal of a donkey. Furthermore, the pictures of Christ often show him riding side-saddle as is alluded to in “softsidesaddled” (554.04). Onward. The common wisdom is that Jesus chose an “unpretentious” animal as a symbol of His humility. From reading the New Testament however, this is not what comes across. It seems to me He got stuck with what the disciples scrounged. Anyway, mule, hinney, mottled, piebald, nag and so on serve well my memory of the Lords humble mount. As for the donkey motif in Finnegans Wake, well, I imagine that there is donkey dream level to be interpreted on pp. 553-554; the animals talking to Francis like McDonald talking to his liver and so on. On the other hand, sometimes a donkey is just a donkey.
The exclamations also bring up martyrdom, death, and suffering for our sins. Matta Hari executed as a spy. Mahatma Ghandi certainly suffered for someone’s sins. Ven. Matt Talbot fighting the bottle with barbed wire round his legs at Adam and Eve's Church, Dublin. Jesus crucified in the prime of his life.
Before this brings on the boredom of an excruciating Long Mass (even though that is one of the goals of this essay), I’ll finish with a reminder of the fascination children in northern parishes feel when they see, at church, a little cord of fresh, green fronds of the Phoenix dactylifera 11 , the date palm, overflowing a table. The leaves of most of the branches are stuck together at the edges. Old, unread book with uncut pages- beaded Tears from the aspergillum on the so green of the blades. It all seems so out of place when the lion of March is still strong in April - snow on the ground - more is still possible. Someday I’ll have to research the provenance of these beautiful branches spreading out, reaching the farthest parish: Natashquan, Bastrop, Tromsø, Stony Rapids, and myriad bled I don’t know the names of.
Dominique
10 De Cervantes Saavedra, M. 1605.
Adventures of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Porter and Coates, Philadelphia, 768p. 11
Sturtevant, E.D. 1919. Sturtevant’s Notes on Edible Plants. U.P. Hedrick (ed.), N.Y. Department of Agriculture, Albany, 2(2): 686 p.
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“That the host may choke me if I beneighbour you without my charity! Sh! Shem, you are. Sh! You are mad! He points the deathbone and the quick are still. Insomnia, somnia somniorum. Awmawm.
MERCIUS (of hisself): Domine vopiscus! My fault, his fault, a kingship through a fault! Pariah, cannibal Cain, I who oathily forswore the womb that bore you and the paps I sometimes sucked, you who ever since have been one black mass...”
(193.26-34) The Last Gospel
P. Dominus vobiscum. S. Et cum spiritu tuo. P. Initium sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem. S. Gloria tibi, Domine. P. The Lord be with you. S. And with your spirit. P. + The beginning of the holy Gospel according to St. John.
I would like to thank, Bryllars, Steve, and Suzanne for providing music, images and ideas.
"When lo (whish, O whish!) mesaw mestreamed, as the green to the gred was flew, was flown, through deafths of durkness greengrown deeper I heard a voice, the voce of Shaun, vote of the Irish, voise from afar (and cert no purer puer palestrine e'er
chanted panangelical mid the clouds of Tu es Petrus , not Michaeleen Kelly, not Mara O'Mario, and sure, what more numerose Italicuss ever rawsucked frish uov in urinal?), a brieze to Yverzone o'er the brozaozaozing sea, from Inchigeela call the way how it suspired (morepork! morepork!) to scented nightlife as softly as the loftly marconimasts from Clifden sough open tireless secrets (mauveport! mauveport!) to Nova Scotia's listing sisterwands. Tubetube!" (407.10-21)
http://www.procathedral.ie/
http://www.vatican.va/ Catechism of the Catholic Church Amministrazione Del Patrimonio Della Sede Apostolica. www.scborromeo.org/ccc.htm
12 Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da 158?. Tu es Petrus. Saint Peter’s Choir, Notthingham.
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Tridentine Mass Missa Cantata, Last Sunday after Pentecost, Eglise St. Nicholas de Chardonnet, Paris. 2006, Colour, 1:13 min. http://youtu.be/c32brXXx5k8 Tridentine Mass, Gregorian chant Our Lady of Sorrows Church, Chicago, Easter Sunday, 1941. Black and white, 54min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6AOvStZS64 Catholic church supply houses Images of liturgical instruments, linen, and supplies. Myrrh, Frankincense, and other church incense can be ordered: www.catholicsupply.com/churchs/incense.html www.fadumont.co.uk/ www.desmarais-robitaille.com/
"Eve and Adam’s" (3), Dublin http://ireland.archiseek.com/buildings_ireland/dublin/southcity/quays/me rchants/adam_and_eves.html www.dublinchurches.com/churches/160.htm
Appendix I Matthew 21:1-10 Christ rides into Jerusalem upon an ass. He casts the buyers and sellers out of the temple, curses the fig tree and puts to silence the priests and scribes. 1 And when they drew nigh to Jerusalem, and were come to Bethphage, unto mount Olivet, then Jesus sent two disciples, 2 Saying to them: Go ye into the village that is over against you, and immediately you shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her: loose them and bring them to me. 3 And if any man shall say anything to you, say ye, that the Lord hath need of them: and forthwith he will let them go. 4 Now all this was done that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying: 5 Tell ye the daughter of Sion: Behold thy king cometh to thee, meek, and sitting upon an ass, and a colt the foal of her that is used to the yoke. 6 And the disciples going, did as Jesus commanded them. 7 And they brought the ass and the colt, and laid their garments upon them, and made him sit thereon. 8 And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way: and others cut boughs from the trees, and strewed them in the way: 9 And the multitudes that went before and that followed, cried, saying: Hosanna to the son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord: Hosanna in the highest. 10 And when he was come into Jerusalem, the whole city was moved, saying: Who is this?
1 And when they were drawing near to Jerusalem and to Bethania at the mount of Olives, he sendeth two of his disciples, 2 And saith to them: Go into the village that is over against you, and immediately at your coming in thither, you shall find a colt tied, upon which no man yet hath sat: loose him, and bring him. 3 And if any man shall say to you, What are you doing? say ye that the Lord hath need of him: and immediately he will let him come hither. 4 And going their way, they found the colt 10
tied before the gate without, in the meeting of two ways: and they loose him. 5 And some of them that stood there, said to them: What do you loosing the colt?
6 Who said to them as Jesus had commanded them; and they let him go with them. 7 And they brought the colt to Jesus; and they lay their garments on him, and he sat upon him. 8 And many spread their garments in the way: and others cut down boughs from the trees, and strewed them in the way. 9 And they that went before and they that followed, cried, saying: Hosanna, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. 10 Blessed be the kingdom of our father David that cometh: Hosanna in the highest.
29 And it came to pass, when he was come nigh to Bethphage and Bethania, unto the mount called Olivet, he sent two of his disciples, 30 Saying: Go into the town which is over against you, at your entering into which you shall find the colt of an ass tied, on which no man ever hath sitten: loose him, and bring him hither.
31 And if any man shall ask you: Why do you loose him? you shall say thus unto him: Because the Lord hath need of his service. 32 And they that were sent, went their way, and found the colt standing, as he had said unto them. 33 And as they were loosing the colt, the owners thereof said to them: Why loose you the colt? 34 But they said: Because the Lord hath need of him. 35 And they brought him to Jesus. And casting their garments on the colt, they set Jesus thereon.
36 And as he went, they spread their clothes underneath in the way. 37 And when he was now coming near the descent of mount Olivet, the whole multitude of his disciples began with joy to praise God with a loud voice, for all the mighty works they had seen, 38 Saying: Blessed be the king who cometh in the name of the Lord, peace in heaven, and glory on high! 39 And some of the Pharisees, from amongst the multitude, said to him: Master, rebuke thy disciples. 40 To whom he said: I say to you, that if these shall hold their peace, the stones will cry out.
41 And when he drew near, seeing the city, he wept over it, saying: 42 If thou also hadst known, and that in this thy day, the things that are to thy peace; but now they are hidden from thy eyes. 43 For the days shall come upon thee, and thy enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and straiten thee on every side, 44 And beat thee flat to the ground, and thy children who are in thee: and they shall not leave in thee a stone upon a stone: because thou hast not known the time of thy visitation.
The anointing of Christ's feet. His riding into Jerusalem upon an ass. A voice from heaven. 1 Jesus therefore, six days before the pasch, came to Bethania, where Lazarus had been dead, whom Jesus raised to life. 2 And they made him a supper there: and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that were at table with him. 3 Mary therefore took a pound of ointment of right spikenard, of great price, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair; and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment. 4 Then one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, he that was about to betray him, said: 5 Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor?
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6 Now he said this, not because he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and having the purse, carried the things that were put therein. 7 Jesus therefore said: Let her alone, that she may keep it against the day of my burial. 8 For the poor you have always with you; but me you have not always. 9 A great multitude therefore of the Jews knew that he was there; and they came, not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might see Lazarus, whom he had raised from the dead. 10 But the chief priests thought to kill Lazarus also:
8 "Me you have not always"... Viz., in a visible manner, as when conversant here on earth; and as we have the poor, whom we may daily assist and relieve.
11 Because many of the Jews, by reason of him, went away, and believed in Jesus. 12 And on the next day, a great multitude that was to come to the festival day, when they had heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem, 13 Took branches of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried: Hosanna, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord, the king of Israel. 14 And Jesus found a young ass, and sat upon it, as it is written: 15 Fear not, daughter of Sion: behold, thy king cometh, sitting on an ass's colt.
16 These things his disciples did not know at the first; but when Jesus was glorified, then they remembered that these things were written of him, and that they had done these things to him. 17 The multitude therefore gave testimony, which was with him, when he called Lazarus out of the grave, and raised him from the dead. 18 For which reason also the people came to meet him, because they heard that he had done this miracle. 19 The Pharisees therefore said among themselves: Do you see that we prevail nothing? behold, the whole world is gone after him. 20 Now there were certain Gentiles among them, who came up to adore on the festival day.
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Two pages of Lesson 4 of: Taylor, B.C. and Prentice, K.E. 1950. Living Latin. Clark, Irwin, & Company Limited, Toronto, 487 p. Photo: D. Paré. Document Outline
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