L. D. Landau: the freak genius and the ‘scientist slave’
Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-1968) was one among the great adventurer physicists of the
twentieth century – one of those few who can be said to have left an indelible mark on the course
of human history.
Landau was a freak genius of a rare breed and was a person possessed of great intellectual
honesty. He was of a passionately rebellious nature and had deeply held commitments lasting
through his life – a life that can be described as a tragic drama of epic proportions.
This is no place to try to summarize the stupendous contributions of Landau to almost all areas in
physics, especially to condensed matter theory, in which he was a towering pioneer. Of no less
relevance, however, are the social and political issues that he faced and addressed. While
considered so far as something in the nature of footnotes to his illustrious scientific career, these
are bound to draw much more serious attention in days to come.
Lev Davidovich was a deeply patriotic person who developed a passionate commitment to the
cause of socialism and Marxism early in his life, with a fervent wish to contribute to the socialist
construction in the Soviet Republic, for which he engaged himself in the area he excelled in,
namely, theoretical physics.
Ironically, however, he came to be a victim to the manic paranoia and the policy of brutal
repression of the Stalinist soviet regime, and was arrested in the year 1938 by the soviet police
on charges that included spying for the Germans. A year before that, he had left his academic
position at Kharkov so as to avoid persecution for his open and passionate criticism of the soviet
regime, and had been offered a position at Moscow by Kapitza, the father figure of soviet science
who was to play a seminal role throughout Landau’s career.
It now appears to be the case that Lev was partly responsible for the publication and distribution
of a political pamphlet. Beginning with a bitter denigration of the soviet regime, it ended with the
call, “Long live the May day, the day of struggle for socialism!” Another participant in the
publication of the document, a close friend of Landau’s, had to spend twenty long years in the
Gulag.
Landau’s tortured days in prison took a heavy toll on his mind and body. While visiting him
there Kapitza was convinced that Lev was facing imminent death. Risking his own liberty and
life, he wrote to Stalin that he, Kapitza, would be terminating his research programs unless
Landau was released immediately (Kapitza was to remain under a kind of house arrest later). At
the same time, he stressed that only Landau, of all people, had the ability to come out with a
theoretical explanation of a number of astounding experimental findings observed in his
laboratory.
With Stalin at last yielding to Kapitza’s pressure, Landau was released and, within a few months,
brilliantly vindicated Kapitza’s faith in him when he gave the world the theory of superfluidity.
While in prison, Landau wrote a ‘confession’ which is thought to possess little relevance since it
was written under great duress. After his release, Landau was understandably reticent about his
prison days but, while engaged in epoch making research work, he continued to nurture his
socialist beliefs when his acute mind searched for the root causes of the process that led to the
emergence of the grotesque face of the soviet regime. In this, he did not spare even the first
phase of the socialist process directed by Lenin.
Landau’s critique of the soviet socialist process went deeper than many others’ before him and
since. On one occasion, Landau commented to a friend that Lenin’s repressions were not
different in nature than Stalin’s. He was deeply critical of the way the Kronstadt rebellion had
been repressed in 1921, and whatever remained of his faith in the soviet process was irrevocably
lost with the suppression of the Hungarian revolution of 1956.
During the late nineteen forties, Landau was made a reluctant participant in the soviet atomic and
hydrogen bomb projects, in which he described himself as a “scientist slave”. His role in the
project was crucial but did not involve the development of new theoretical ideas. Instead, his
work was confined to numerical mathematics though here again he left his unmistakable stamp
of genius. Simultaneously, he spared time to build up the Landau-Ginzburg theory in phase
transitions – a contribution of far-reaching and enormous importance in theoretical physics.
Landau made it clear that his involvement in the bomb project was nothing more than an
occupation aimed at survival, and he quit the project as soon as he learnt of Stalin’s death. At the
same time, he contributed crucially to the success of the project since his brilliant mind simply
could not stop halfway in a scientific pursuit. The freak genius and the scientist slave perhaps
remained locked in combat in him till his very last days.
But those last days were tragic, since he was crippled in the aftermath of a car accident, and was
prevented from engaging in physical or intellectual activity.
Source:
1. J J O’Connor and E F Robertson: Lev Davidovich Landau, at
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Landau_Lev.html
2. Gennady Gorelik: The top-secret life of Lev Landau, at
http://academic.evergreen.edu/z/zita/articles/History/landau.pdf
Avijit Lahiri, Kolkata, 20 Feb., 2014.