Lesson one
Yüklə 285 Kb.
|
VOCABULARY NOTES 1. fine point — надзвичайно гострий кінець 2. of the order of — порядку 3. to master smth.— оволодівати чим-небудь 4. implements of labour — знаряддя праці 5. to have in common — мати щось спільне 6. flux of energy — потік енергії 7. highly pointed — з надзвичайно гострим кінцем EXERCISES I. Find in the text nouns formed after the models V + tion, V+ing (oscillate — oscillation, cut — cutting) and give their Ukrainian translation. II. Give English equivalents of the following words and expressions: цілком може стати, немає сумніву, найближче майбутнє, електронний прилад, звичайне світло, закони квантової механіки, якість, лазерний промінь, ентропія, визначати, отримувати, вузький інтервал, людство, знаряддя виробництва, виробничі сили, коливатися, напівпровідник, рідина, відкриття. III. Translate the following English words of the same root into Ukrainian, state the part of speech: Model: light (світло) — to light (світити) — light (світлий) state, research, device, fall, power, study, heat, form, stage, process, beam, layout. IV. Read the following text, write out words in bold type and translate the sentences into Ukrainian: LASER IN THE CLOTHES-MAKING INDUSTRY Clothes-making factories have the following procedure for mass sewing of clothes. Thick stacks of cloth are put on a large layout table, and then each stack is cut out with knives, which look like jig-saws to fit a pattern. This leads to a considerable waste of cloth. In the process of bringing parts of clothes to fitness rather wide strips of material are thrown out as refuse. Now a practically waste-free technology seems to have been found for this operation. An installation for laser layout of cloth designed at a Special Design and Development Bureau of the Clothes Manufacturing Industry has been built by the Shipyard in St. Petersburg. In keeping with a set programme, a laser beam burns through a thick stack of cloth without shifting the layers (as it happens in cutting with knife) and it does not require making allowances "just in case". V. Arrange the following words according to: a) similar meaning: basic, useful, modern, major, main, valuable, up-to-date, exact, principal, punctual, obtainable, high, great, available; b) opposite meaning: difficult, simple, outside, easy, complex, individual, inside, brief, collective, wide, long, narrow.
1. Лазерний промінь — це символ технології XX століття. 2. У найближчому майбутньому лазер буде так широко використовуватись, як електронні прилади. 3. Світло лазера набагато інтенсивніше, ніж звичайне світло. 4. Робота лазера відбувається за законами квантової механіки. 5. Лазерна енергія може перетворюватися практично без втрат. 6. Широке використання лазера у виробництві символізує революцію у знаряддях праці. 7. Найуживаніші лазери — це геліо-неонові лазери. 8. Зараз лазери використовуються в багатьох виробничих, наукових і медичних цілях. VII. Put questions to the words in bold type: The greatest success of lasers has been in drilling rubies in the watch-making industry. Lasers are also widely used in drilling the diamonds employed as dies for drawing wire. In the electronic industry they serve for drilling and cutting the ceramic substrates for integrated circuits and for trimming such circuits and discrete electronic components. The aerospace industry uses lasers for drilling holes in parts made of exceptionally hard materials. IIX. Insert prepositions where necessary and translate into Ukrainian: 1. ... welding laser tools can operate ... two ways: … conduction and ... deep penetration. 2. laser beam put ... work ... cutting can easily be made fully automatic ... computerized numerical control. 3. Running ... a fully automatic programme, a laser cutting tool can greatly improve precision, reliability, flexibility and productivity. 4. The flexibility ... the laser beam greatly facilitates automatic operation. 5. Laser welding is found ... electronics industry. 6. The absorption ... a quantum ... visible or ultraviolet radiation alters the state ... excitation ... the electronic structure ... an atom or a molecule. IX. Find in the text sentences with: a) surbodinate clauses; explain their type; b) constructions "as ... as", "not so ... as".
1. What is a laser? 2. Where does the word "laser" come from? 3. What laws govern the functioning of lasers? 4. What is the quantity of laser energy determined by? 5. What makes the laser a very fine instrument? 6. Where does the laser find a wide application? 7. What types of lasers can we speak of? XI. Using the text and the questions of ex. X compose a dialogue and reproduce it. TEXT B. HOW DOES A LASER WORK? 1. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: circle [‘sq:kl] — обертатися, крутитися, neon[‘ni:On] — неон, partial [‘pa:Sql]— частковий, inefficient [,ini’fiSqnt] — неефективний, watt [wOt] — ват, neodymium [,ni:ou’dimiqm] — неодій, yttrium [‘itriqm] — ітрій, excited [ik’saitid] — збуджений, processing [‘prousesiN] — обробка, automobile [,O:toumou’bi:l] — автомобіль, diversity [dai’vq:siti] — різноманітність, available [q’veilqbl] — доступний, наявний, plasma [‘plxzmq] — плазма. 2. Words and expressions necessary to comprehend the text: to give off (energy) — виділяти (енергію), the right kind (of atoms) — відповідні (атоми), power supply — джерело живлення, solid-state laser — лазер твердотілий, outside the field — що не стосується даної галузі, to be aware — усвідомлювати (знати), a model of (inefficiency) — зразок (неефективності), to rack one's brains — ламати собі голову, in search for — в пошуках, scientists succeeded in obtaining — вченим вдалося (пощастило) отримати, in the range — в діапазоні, fairly small — досить маленький, heavy-duty (laser; processing) — (лазер для обробки; обробка) важких, великих предметів. TEXT According to atomic theory atoms are made up of neutrons, electrons and protons. The electrons circle round the protons and neutrons. In a laser the electrons are "excited" to a high energy level. As the electrons fall back from their "excited" state to their normal state, they give off energy. This energy is given off as light, which can be seen. Not all substances and gases have the right kind of atoms. The most common laser is the helium-neon laser. In the laser tube there is 10 per cent helium gas and 90 per cent neon gas. At one end of the tube there is a mirror and at the other end there is a partial mirror. The electrons get energy from a power supply and become "excited". They give off energy as light. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror at the other end of the tube. In a solid-state laser the beam is produced as follows: light from a special-purpose high-wattage lamp illuminates the crystal. Undergoing conversion in the crystal, the light energy acquires "magic powers". Few people outside the field are aware that the conversion of energy in laser is extremely inefficient. The steam engine which was always regarded as a model of inefficiency would be a perfect creation by comparison: over 9 per cent of the fuel energy is put to work in it, while in a laser crystal only 1 to 2 per cent of the energy input is utilized. Physicists have been racking their brains more than two decades in search for a solution. By the early 1980s many of them no longer believed it possible to obtain higher efficiency. Recently scientists succeeded in obtaining a new generation of solid-state lasers. They grew crystals of new compositions, which convert up to 10 per cent of the energy into a laser beam. This is about 3 to 5 times as much as in the familiar crystals. The new generation solid-state lasers built on the basis of these crystals are so far unsurpassed in terms of parameters. It is becoming common to speak of two classes of high-power lasers, light and heavy lasers operate in the range from a few tens of watts to a few hundred. Many of the lasers are fairly small solid-state devices: ruby lasers (with a wave-length of .69 micrometer), neodymium-doped glass lasers and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet lasers (both with a wave-length of 1.06 micrometers in the infrared). The light class of lasers also includes certain gas lasers (argon and carbon dioxide). The heavy lasers range in power from a few kilowatts to a few tens of kilowatts. At present, however, only experimental or laboratory devices exceed 20 kilowatts. They serve in heavy-duty processing, such as the welding of pipelines, the welding of automobile parts and the heat-treating of the surface of such parts as crankshaft and the cylinder walls of large diesel engines. Most of the heavy-duty lasers are carbon dioxide ones. The diversity of available lasers is now determined by the fact that all possible states of matter are used as their active media-gases, liquids, solids and plasma. The use of each new form of matter as an active medium is associated with definite stages in the development of quantum electronics. The research for various active media may be regarded as the method of quantum electronics at an early stage of its development .
I. Read the text and carry out the following assignments: a) Read and give Ukrainian equivalents of the following internationalisms: aspect, control, normal, gas, sence, sphere, generation, regulation, quantum, matter, active, illuminate, cylinder, conversion, decade, specialized. b) Find the sentences telling about the work of laser. c) Find the paragraph describing a solid-state laser. d) Find the English equivalent of the following Ukrainian sentence: Різноманітність існуючих зараз лазерів визначається тим фактором, що всі можливі стани матерії — гази, рідини, тверді тіла і плазма — використовуються як активне середовище.
atomic theory, helium-neon laser, laser beam, laser tube, solid-state laser, special-purpose high wattage lamp, light energy, laser crystal, quantum electronics. ІП. Translate the following sentence into Ukrainian: The research for various active media may be regarded as the method of quantum electronics at an early stage in its development. IV. Explain the terms "excited" and "plasma states". V. Explain the difference between the terms “atom” and “proton”. VI. What is the difference between the light lasers and heavy lasers? VII. What can you say about the use of laser in industry? VIII. Make a plan and discuss the text. TEXT C. LASER APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING 1. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: indispensable, efficient, ceramic, variety, thermal, internal, enclosures, titanium, pressure, gears, turbine, automotive, precision. 2. Read and memorize: indispensable — невід'ємний, high-power laser — ви-сокопотужний лазер, heat-treating — термообробка, watch- making industry — промисловість, що виробляє годинники, aerospace industry — аерокосмічна промисловість, turbine engine — турбінний двигун. TEXT Lasers have become indispensable in dozens of industries, in biology, medicine, chemistry, science, electronics and even art. From the invention of the laser in the 1950's it was recognized that intense laser beams might be a good way to deposit large quantities of energy in materials for manufacturing. Over the past decades high-power lasers have found a place in manufacturing processes: welding, heat-treating of parts to improve their surface, properties, cutting, drilling of small holes (.007 to .5 inch) and in electronic devices and medical instruments. In all these operations laser systems have made productive lines more efficient and have reduced costs. Light lasers serve in such work as cutting and drilling ceramic substances in the electronics industry, drilling rubies in the watch-making industry and cutting not only metal but also cloth, plastics and wood in a variety of other industries. The heavy lasers are used in heavy-duty processing. They are used for welding in shipbuilding, pipe fabrication and the construction of bridges and prefabricated steel buildings. In the aerospace industry a number of welding operations have been conducted with electron beams. Laser beams are now substituting for electron beams because the laser beam does not have to operate in a vacuum and the electron beam usually does. The applications include the internal welding, of reinforcing ribs in rocket shells, the internal welding of enclosures for instruments, the welding of aluminium and titanium vessels for holding gas at high pressure and the welding of blades and gears for turbine engines. The automotive industries are in the first phases of applying laser systems in the precision welding of such high-volume parts as clutch and differential housing, gears, axles, exhaust-gas sensors and brake components. The laser's extremely high productivity, which sometimes seems useless in today's manufacturing plants will be properly exploited and the revolutionary impact of laser technology will be fully felt.
1. What is the time of invention of the laser? 2. In what industries is the laser applied? 3. What operations can be made with the laser? 4. How does the laser work? 5. What types of laser do you know? 6. Can you give examples of the use of lasers in manufacturing? 7. What do you know about laser technology? II. Read the text and make a dialogue on its basis. LESSON FOUR READING EXERCISES 1. Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of the following words: entire [in’taiq] — цілий, due to [‘dju:tu:] — завдяки, внаслідок, kinetic [kai’netik] — кінетичний, said [sed] — сказав, various [‘vFqriqs] — різноманітний, dynamo [‘dainqmou] — динамо, cause [kO:z] — причина, спричиняти, source [sO:s] — джерело, turbine [‘tWbin] — турбіна, feature [‘fi:Cq] — риса, особливість. TEXT A. ENERGY Man’s entire life is linked with energy. We need more energy with each passsing year. Energy was, is and will remain the foundation of economy, of the development of civilization. That’s why energy problems are now among the most important problems that cause concern to the whole of mankind. What is energy? What are its forms and sources? How is mankind’s ever growing need for energy to be satisfied? The capacity for doing work is called energy. A body possesses energy when due to its position or condition it is capable of doing work, and the work it can do is a measureof its energy. As we know, energy is of two types: potential or kinetic. Potential energy is the energy that has been stored by a body whithin it. A body prossesses potential energy thanks to its position or condition. All fuels (coal, oil, gas, etc.) contain chemical potential energy because they produce the heat that will bring to motion modern engines and do physical work of great importance for our modern industrial world. Water in a dam is a good example of potential (stored up)energy as well. It possesses this energy because foits higher position. When water is falling with great speed it turns huge turbine wheels and supplies them with kinetic energy. The motion of the turbine can now produce electric energy which will be transmitted to distant homes and factories. Here electric devices are serving man in a thousand of ways. Thus, kinetic energy is the energy that a body has due to motion. The potential energy of the weight in its highest position is the same as its kinetic energy after it has fallen under the action of gravity to its lowest position. It may be very large, as the motion of the Earth, or very small as that of molecules or even electrified particles. There are different sources and forms of energy, such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, nuclear, etc. We think of heat and electricity as forms of energy since they can do work, cause motion, move trains and ships, turn water into steam. Another form of energy is sound. Molecules of air in motion produce it. We may say that sound is a kinetic form of energy due to the motion of molecules. A very important feature of energy is that it can be converted or transformed from one form to another. The devices for converting energy from one form to another are called engines. A heat engine, for instance, transforms heat energy into mechanical energy of rotation by the combustion of coal, oil, gas or any other fuel. We may observe a number of such transformations. In the steam engine, for instance, chemical energy, stored in a fuel, is transformed into heat which is another form of energy. This produces steam which in its turn is changed into mechanical energy and drives the engine. Now mechanical energy can be transformed into electrical by means of dynamo. The latter can be reconverted into mechanical energy in the motor. A turbine of water engine can transform the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical rotational energy. The solar devices, which have been, built in many countries convert the sun's energy into other forms of energy that man consumes with profit. Now semiconductor photoelectric devices, solar batteries, are widely used in artificial satellites and spaceships. All the above said is an illustration of the law of conservation of energy. According to this law energy may be transformed from one form to another, but may not be destroyed or created. This means that a definite amount of energy stored in coal, or chemical energy in a battery, may be changed into any other form of energy, such as heat or electricity. In its progressive development mankind has always been in a constant search for new sources of energy. Scientists are looking for new and economical sources of energy. They predict that thermonuclear energy will be the most important source of energy in the 21st century.
1. with each passing year — з кожним роком (що минув) 2. to cause concern — викликати стурбованість 3. to bring to motion — приводити в рух 4. when falling — при падінні 5. to turn (smth.) into (smth.) — перетворювати (що-н.) в (що-н.) 6. air in motion — рухоме повітря 7. to be in search for (of) — шукати, розшукувати 8. thermonuclear energy — термоядерна енергія 9. to change (into) — змінюватися, перетворюватися (в) EXERCISES I. Read the following International words and give their Ukrainian equivalents: form, energy, potential, position, mechanical, conservation, operate, region, role, productivity. II. Combine the word "energy" with the proper English word to express the following Ukrainian word-combinations: атомна енергія internal внутрішня енергія nuclear біологічна енергія sound енергія активації specific енергія кванта stored енергія спокою thermal звукова енергія activation накопичена енергія atomic кінетична енергія chemical механічна енергія rest потенціальна енергія biological хімічна енергія quantum світлова енергія mechanical питома енергія kinetic теплова енергія luminous ядерна енергія, potential
a) similar meaning: foundation, conservation, link, cause, speed, change, connect, produce, turn into, thanks to, preservation, velocity, basis, convert, transform, due to, b) opposite meaning: huge, destroy, modern, natural, artificial, important, small, low, ancient, similar, satisfied, high, different, unsatisfied, unimportant, create.
to concern, to grow, to possess, to produce, to cause, to do, to turn, to drive, to fall, to build. V. Write down and read aloud the Plural of the following nouns: life, ship, gas, battery, change, basis, capacity, measure, foot, modulus, synthesis, calorie. VI. Put questions to the words in bold type: 1. The scientists are looking for ways to use solar energy. 2. Scientists in many countries are now working on the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. 3. Our country holds the priority in many uses of solar energy. 4. Already in 1950 physicists suggested an original method of confining plasma with the help of magnetic field. 5. Heavy hydrogen is easily obtainable everywhere, and its resources are practically inexhaustible. VII. Insert prepositions where necessary: The capacity ... physical material to store thermal energy is explained ... the kinetic theory ... matter which assumes an atomic and molecular structure ... matter and recognizes only ... two forms ... energy, kinetic and potential. The concept ... atomic and molecular structure comes ... the realm ... chemistry. Chemistry demonstrated that matter is composed ... molecules and that all molecules ... the same chemical substances are exactly similar. The type ... molecular motion depends ... the physical state ... matter. It is restricted ... the solid state, free ... the liquid state, and very free ... the gaseous state.
1. Heat absorbed by a liquid causes the liquid to evaporate. 2. Scientists all over the world are working over the problem of how the mankind's growing need for energy is to be satisfied. 3. The sun has started to be used also to heat dwellings. 4. We are witnessing the birth of a new source of power, which will revolutionize technology and help to transform our life 5. Heat is a form of energy and may be measured in the units in which energy is measured. 6. To run an electric power plant with a capacity of one million kilowatts for one day we need 750 tons of coal, or 400 tons of oil, or 250 grams of uranium-235. However, all this could be substituted by just 34 grams of heavy hydrogen, also called deuterium. IX. Translate into English using Infinitives: 1. Ось ще декілька фактів, які повинні довести правильність нашої теорії. 2. Є декілька питань, які слід обговорити. 3. Я дуже задоволений, що допоміг їм відремонтувати цей прилад. 4. Необхідно тільки повернути вимикач, і електричні прилади виконають роботу. 5. Електрика служить для передачі й обробки інформації. 6. Водень може ефективно використовуватися як пальне на електростанціях. X. Define the tense forms in bold type and translate the sentences into Ukrainian: 1. Automatic mines are being designed, where robots will work rich coal deposits at a depth of three to five kilometers where human beings are unable to operate. 2. Interesting experimental work is being done in the field of coal gasification. 3. New power stations are being built mainly in the Eastern part of the land. 4. They are leading in research on controlled thermonuclear fusion. XI. Put the verbs in brackets in the required Continuous Tense forms: 1. Hydrogen as a source of energy (to become) increasingly important. 2. In the nearest future we (to obtain) hydrogen by thermochemical decomposition of water. 3. Today an increasingly greater number of people (to use) TV-sets and other electric devices. 4. When we entered the laboratory the electrically operated computers (to solve) difficult mathematical problems. 5. Our state (to create) favorable conditions for the development of science and technology. XII . Write out of the text the sentences with the Predicates in the Continuous Tense forms and translate them into Ukrainian. ХІII. Change the following sentences with the prepositions of cause into Adverbial Clauses of Cause: Model: The body possesses potential energy thanks to its position. The body possesses potential energy because it is in a higher position. 1. Water in a dam possesses potential energy because of its higher position. 2. The sound possesses kinetic energy due to motion. 3. Water turns huge turbine wheels and supplies them ,with kinetic energy due to its falling with great speed. 4. Heat and electricity are forms of energy due to their ability to do work. 5. Sound is a kinetic form of energy owing to the motion of molecules. XIV. Answer the following questions: 1. Why is the energy problem important for the whole of mankind? 2. What is energy? 3. What examples of potential energy do you know? 3. When can water in a dam become kinetic energy? 5. What are the forms of energy? 6. What is the characteristic feature of energy? 7. How can one form of energy be changed into another one? 8. What is the law of conservation of energy? 9. What are the sources of energy? 10. Why are scientists looking for new and more economical sources of energy? X. Render the text. Yüklə 285 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|