Lviv national medical university
Medically-tactical description of extraordinary situations of socio-political origin
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- 5. Medically-tactical description of extraordinary situations of military origin
4. Medically-tactical description of extraordinary situations of socio-political originThe extraordinary situations of socio-political origin are related to the out-of-law actions of terroristic and unconstitutional direction. To them belong:
The extraordinary situations of socio-political origin can arise up in any city, settlement, district, area or region of Ukraine. Especially it touches such phenomenon, as terrorism. By principal reason of origin of terrorism, as there is growth of socio-economic tension, related to the differences of terms of life of people by the observance of rights and individual freedoms in the different countries of the world the method of political fight. A conception “terror” is meant a political intimidation, fight against the political opponents by methods of violence (from latin: terror is fear, horror) and is known very a long ago. As early as in Ist century of our era in Israel there have operated a sect of sykaryi (syka is a dagger or short sword), which destroyed the representatives of Jewish gentlefolks, which co-operated with Romans. Political terror was applied by secret groups in India and China. From the second half of the XIX century a terrorism becomes the permanent method of political fight. It was widely used by the Russian populists, radical nationalists in Ireland, Macedonia, Serbia, anarchists in France, terroristic organizations in Italy, Spain, USA. For today the scales of terrorism attained such sizes, that it became a global problem - equally with a nuclear threat and ecological dangers. Terrorists use all achievements of modern SciTech - from satellite communication and network the Internet to the rockets with the thermal head of aiming. Terrorism is in over 100 countries of the world, and the amount of acts of terrorism for the last 30 years counts more than 25 thousands. After reasons of origin there are distinguished such types of terrorism:
The counted types of terrorism are not on the whole characteristic for Ukraine. However modern development of the opened society, increase of possibilities for moving along earth, the armed conflicts near the borders of our state, are ground to consider, that Ukraine also can become the arena of terrorist fight. Large probability of realization of assassinations exists on potencially dangerous objects, where is a possibility quickly and simply to initiate an extraordinary situations, that are supported by considerable negative consequences (by as human victims, as financial losses, such and ecological consequences). In Ukraine an atomic power stations, transport knots (in a that number air-ports, railway stations), main pipelines, soldiery depositories and arsenals, industrial enterprises, storage buildings, establishments, organizations, which produce, use, keep, sell biological preparations, high-toxic and poisonous matters, - belong to such objects. Terrorism is an especially dangerous crime and for its is foreseen a punishment up to the greatest measure - lifelong imprisonment. 5. Medically-tactical description of extraordinary situations of military originES of military origin, applications of weapon of mass defeat or ordinary weapon, during which the second factors of defeat of population are as a result of destruction of the atomic and hydroelectric stations, compositions and depositories of radio-active and toxic matter and wastes, oil products, explosive, transport and engineering communications and others like that, related to the consequences. The features of estimation and reacting on the extraordinary situations of military origin are determined by a legislation, separate norms and proper operative and mobilization plans. To modern facilities of defeats are taken a nuclear, chemical, bacteriological weapon and other types of modern technological developments. A nuclear weapon, depending on a charge, is divided into atomic, thermonuclear, combined, neutron. It is accepted to measure a power of nuclear live ammunitions in a trotyl equivalent. At explosion of nuclear weapon during a millionth stakes of second the huge amount of energy is going out, in the area of nuclear reactions a temperature rises up to tens of millions of degrees, forming a very strong light radiation, a maximal pressure arrives at thousands of atmospheres. The start temperature of mushroom-like cloud is very high, that is why main masses of soil, which got into it, is melted, partly evaporating and interfusing with radionuclidess. It is a part of nuclear charge (uranium-235, uranium-238, plutonium-239), which did not react, fragments of disintegration, chemical elements with the resulted activity. Approximately after 10-12 minutes a radio-active cloud walks up a max height, stabilizes and begins to move horizontally in the direction of motion of currents of air. The largest particles under the action of gravity fallout from a radio-active cloud and post of dust yet to the moment, when the last ones arrive at a maximum height and infect locality in a direct closeness from the center of explosion. Easy particles fall down slower and on considerable distances from it. Such a trace of nuclear contamination of locality appears. Radio-active particles irradiate a gamma-rays, alpha rays and beta-rays. α (Alpha) rays are a stream of the positively charged kernels of atoms of helium. From a nucleus during a radioactive-decay they are thrown out with speed of to 20 000 km/sec. In an air an α-particles fly through a few centimeters, in liquid and hard bodies – even lesser (in metals – up to 0,01 mm). A clothes and even a paper fully take them. Without regard to insignificant penetrable ability of α-particles, this type of radiation is very dangerous for a living organism. Radio-active particles, which irradiate the alpha rays, getting into an organism through the organs of breathing, with a meal or water, strike the tissues of internal organs. β (beta) rays is a stream of the negatively charged electrons, which are produced by the kernels of atoms. The particles of Beta are thrown out from the nucleus of radio-active atom with different speeds, the speed of some of them arrives at the speed of light. They go through an air a way in a several meters. During β-disintegration their stream co-operates with the atoms of surrounding matter. As a result of this co-operation, as well as at passing of α-particles, there is ionization of atoms. The particles of Beta have considerably more penetrable ability, than α-particles, but they can be stopped by the sole of shoe, window-glass and metal-plate in a few millimeters thick. In living tissues the maximal run of particles of beta is not exceeded the 1,5 cm. Basic part of radio-active products, which appear during a nuclear explosion is beta-active. γ (Gamma) rays are quants of energy, which are emissed by the kernels of atoms. Like x-rays this is a short-wave electromagnetic radiation, which spreads with a speed of light. It goes through in air hundreds of meters. X-ray photography and a γ-irradiation have a most penetrable possibility. For example, 2 cm of lead weaken the action of wave-radioactivity only in two times. Ionizing ability of gamma-rays in hundred times lesser than of the beta-particles. In an air on a way of 1 cm appears only a few the pairs of ions. With the increase of time, which have gone after an explosion, activity of fragments of disintegration quickly decreases (after 7 hours in 10 times, after 49 hours in 100 times). From an organism a radionuclidess, which are concentrated in soft tissues and internal organs (caesium, molybdenum, ruthenium, iodine, thellur) are eliminated quickly, considerably slower – those, which are firmly fixed in bones (strontium, plutonium, barium, ittrium, zirconium, niobium, lantanoids). From plenty of radionuclides most meaningfulness as a source of irradiation of population is presented by: iodine-131, strontium-90 and caesium-137. Iodine-131. The half-period of this radio-active element is 8 days. An iodine accumulates in a thyroid gland, which results in its defeat by malignant tumours. Strontium-90. Half-period of decay – 29 years. Strontium accumulates mainly in bone tissues. Bone tissues and marrow are irradiated. Malignant anaemia develops hereupon. Caesium-137. After strontium-90, a caesium-137 is most dangerous radionuclide for a man. It accumulates in plants, gets into food products and is quickly sucked in an alimentary canal. The period of its half-decay makes 30 years. Up to 80% of caesium is accumulated in muscular tissue. The large doses of irradiation are caused by the serious damages of tissues, and the small ones can cause cancer diseases and induce a genetic defects, which, possibly, will appear for children and grandchildren of the radiation-exposed man, or for their farther generations. After an irradiation during 2 years the hidden period of development of leucosis goes, after 6-7 years there comes a maximum of morbidity, and after 25 years a morbidity by a leucosis practically disappears. Cancer tumours begin to develop in 10 years after an irradiation, and a peak is arrived after 30-40 years. A chemical weapon is a weapon of mass defeat, based on the use of battle toxic chemical matters and toxins, which will strike the organism of man or animal and also the different types of plants. On April, 22, 1918 at the district of township of Ipr the German troops conducted the first gas-pressure attack (using a chlorine), as a result of which in the first clock perished about 6 thousands persons and 15 thousands persons were got by the defeats of different degree of heaviness. Poisoning matters (PM) are named toxic compounds, intended for the task of mass defeats to living being. After character of operating on the organism of man the PM are divided on: nervous-paralytic; dermic-vesicant; generally-poisonous; suffocating; psychochemical; irritating. After a speed of offensive of striking action the PM are divided into mortal; temporary disactivity; irritating. PM can get to the organism through: breathing organs; wound surfaces; mucous membranes; skin; alimentary canal. PM of nervous-paralytic action. To the representatives of this group of PM belong zarin, zoman and VX. A zarin is a colourless or rather yellow, volatile liquid with a weak camphorated smell. In winter does not freeze. Absorbed by a skin, uniform, shoe and other porous materials. Firmness of sarin is in low-laying areas: in summer – a few hours, in winter – up to 2 days. Zoman is a colourless liquid. After properties is near to the zarin, but in 10 times more toxic. VX is a littlevolatile colourless liquid, which does not have a smell and does not freeze in winter. Infects the opened reservoirs on a period up to 6 month At any method of entering into organism, PM of nervous-paralytic action will strike the nervous system. PM of dermic-vesicant actions. Basic PM of dermic-vesicant actions are iprit (Mustard Gas), darkly brown liquid with the smell of garlic or mustard. Mustard Gas is heavier than water, freezes at a temperature near 14oС, capable to infect locality: in summer on 7-14 days; in winter on 2-6 weeks; unrunning reservoirs – on 2-3 months. Easily sucked into different lack-paint coverages, rubber-technical and porous materials. On air the iprit evaporates slowly. Mustard Gas owns by a striking action at any ways of penetration into an organism; has the hidden period of action from 2 to 8 hours. PM of generally-poisonuos action. The basic mechanism of action of PM of generally-poisonous action consists in violation of supply of oxygen from blood to tissues. To them belong hydrocyanic acid and chlorine-cyan. Hydrocyanic acid is a colourless liquid, which evaporating quickly, with the smell of peach or bitter almond. A defeat comes after inhale the infected air. At a defeat by a hydrocyanic acid in a mouth the metallic off-taste appears, anesthesia of end of tongue, irritation of eyes, throat, state of anxiety, weakness and dizziness. Hydrocyanic acid does not own a cumulative action. Chlorine-cyan – is colourless, more volatile, than hydrocyanic acid, liquid with a strong unpleasant smell. Facilities of application, defence, degassing – same, as for hydrocyanic acid. PM of suffocating action. A phosgene and other behaves to this group of PM. A phosgene at ordinary terms is colourless gas, heavier than air in 3,5 times, with the characteristic smell of rotten hay or rotten fruits. Firmness on locality is 30-50 minutes, possible stagnation of steam in trenches, ravines from 2 to 3 hours. A phosgene finds out the striking activity on an organism only after breathing of its steams, after it the irritation of mucus shell of eyes, dacryarrhaea (lacrimation) is felt, unpleasant sweetish taste in a mouth, dizziness, general weakness, cough, compression in chest, nausea (vomiting). PM of psychochemical action. As a battle poisonous matter is used compound under the name V-Z – is a white crystalline matter, odorless, insoluble in water. VZ finds out the striking action on an organism after breathing in the infected air to and the reception of the infected meal and water. The action of VZ begins to appear after 0,5-3 hours. Small concentrations cause a somnolence. PM of irritating action. Compounds, which cause the irritation of eyes and breathing organs belong to the poisonous matters of irritating action . Basic matters are CS, CR and others. CS is a white, hard, littlevolatile crystalline matter with the smell of pepper. CS in small concentrations owns the irritating operating on eyes and top respiratory tracts, and in large concentrations causes the burns of the opened areas of skin, on occasion is a paralysis of breathing, heart and death. A CR is a yellow crystalline matter. A biological weapon is based on the use of morbific properties of some microorganisms and toxic products of their life activity. Is used as the special weapon battle devices with facilities of delivery, equipped by biological facilities. The methods of application of biological weapon can be: aviation bombs; artillery mines and bombs; packages (boxes, containers), which throw off from airplanes; vehicles, which disperse biological facilities from airplanes; diversionary methods. As biological facilities can be used:
The feature of biological weapon i, presence of the hidden period of action. The hidden period at an infection of plague and cholera is from a few hours to 3 days, by a rabbit-fever – to 6 days, by the spotted fever – to 14 days. The general signs of many infectious diseases is a high temperature of body and considerable weakness, and also their rapid distribution, which results in the origin of hearth diseases and poisonings. Application of biological weapon can be found out after some external signs: aerosol cloud formation after the explosion of ammunitions; exposure of tailings of the special containers, ammunitions and other types of armament; presence of plenty of insects, claws, rodents, unknown for this locality, and others like that Toxins. Toxins are named the chemical matters of albuminous, microbaiologic, plant or animal origin, capable after penetration into the organism of man or animal to cause their disease and death. In the army of the USA on a table supply there are matters XR and PG, which behave to new high-toxic battle biological facilities. A XR is a botulin toxin of bacterial origin, which after getting into an organism, causes the heavy defeat of the nervous system. It is in the class of mortal PM. XR is used as powder, from white to the yellow-brown color, easily dissolves in water. Easily gets into the organism of man through the mucus surfaces of respiratory tracts, digestive tract and eyes. It has the hidden period of action from 3 hours to 2 days. The signs of defeat appear suddenly and begin from feeling of strong weakness, general depression, nausea, vomiting. A skin becomes dry, felt dryness in a mouth and feeling of thirst, great pains in an abdomen. PG is a staphylococcus enterotoxin. Into an organism gets with air, infected water and meal. It has the hidden period of action in a few minutes. The symptoms of defeat are alike with the food poisoning. New types of weapon are a beam weapon, radio-frequency weapon, a geophysical weapon – an aggregate of different facilities, which allow to use in soldiery aims a destructive force of lifeless nature by a way of its artificial initiation: such as a hurricane, artificial earthquakes, mountain collapses, magnetic storms, droughts, destructions of ozone layer. LIST OF STUDY-METODICAL LITERATURE.
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