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152 
 
a common state structure, which encompassed the Caucasus as a whole, in the form 
of a Caucasian Confederation. 
Members of the Independence Committee thought that they were on the 
brink of great events or decisive days that was a general war. It was stressed in the 
declaration that this will bring a solution “of the political drama of the old Tsarist 
Empire and, with it, the definite settling of the fate of” the peoples of the Caucasus. 
Those days were not so far away and this would be a last chance for the Caucasians 
to restart their war of independence. In such critical moments, however, “only the 
closest union of the whole Caucasus, the most whole learned collaboration of its 
leaders, resolved to carry on the struggle for the common ideal, can give the much 
desired victory.”
389
 
 
Nevertheless, disputes among the different nationalities, especially between 
the Armenians and Muslim groups caused the Committee’s failure to declare its 
main program until 1934.
 390
 
In June 1934, in No. 2 of Şimali Kafkasya Emir Hasan heralded 
reconciliation among the Caucasians and on 14 July 1934, the Caucasian 
Independence Committee concluded and signed the Pact of the Caucasian 
Confederation in Brussels
391
. The representatives of the National Centres of 
Azerbaijan, Georgia and the North Caucasus signed this Pact.
392
 
                                                                                                                                        
388
 M. E. Resulzade, June/July 1952 “Kafkasya Meseleleri V: Kafkasya birliği fikri muhacerette,” 
Kafkasya (Der Kaukasus), (Munich), 11/12: 6. 
389
 “Appeal of the Caucasian Independence Committee to All Caucasian Patriots,” 1934. Severnyi 
Kavkaz/Şimali Kafkasya, (Warsaw), 3: 5. 
390
 Vaçnadze, “Hariçte Kafkasya”, 11. 
391
 For the full text of the Pact “Kafkasya Konfederasyonu Misakı,” 1934. Severnyi Kavkaz/Şimali 
Kafkasya, (Warsaw), 3; and Kafkasya Konfederasyonu Vesikalar ve Materyallar, 1937. Kafkasya 

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153 
 
With that Pact, the parties declared that the complete sovereignty of the 
nations of the Caucasus was the main concern. The only possibility to attain this 
aim was the establishment of a union, geographically and economically. Therefore, 
as its political form, the Pact was proposing the establishment of a ‘Caucasian 
Confederation,’ in which, the participating nationalities could preserve their 
national characters and territorial integrity in the best manner possible. 
According to the Pact, the Confederation would represent all the 
nationalities of Caucasus as a whole in the international arena and preserve the 
integrity of the Confederation with the help of Confederation army, which would 
be made up of the armies of the confederated republics. For the resolution of the 
internal debates, Pact proposed the establishment of arbitration court, that is 
Supreme Court of the Confederation. 
Thus in order to make the Confederation work within these formulated 
principles, article 5 of the Pact revealed that, “as soon as possible a commission of 
experts will draw up a project or a draft constitution for the Constitution for the 
Caucasian Confederation.” This would serve as a basis for the work of the first 
Constituent Assembly of each republic. At the end, in article 6 of the Pact, it was 
stressed that there was a place for the Armenian Republic in the Confederation. 
At the same time by issuing ‘an Appeal to all Caucasian Patriots’, the 
Caucasian Independence Committee declared that it assumed the first period of its 
activity closed by the declaration of the Pact. “From today the Pact must serve as 
                                                                                                                                        
Konfederasyon  Şurası Neşriyatından, 2: 5-7. Hereafter Vesikalar. But between these texts there 
were small differences. In addition, an extra information could be obtained from the periodical of 
Azerbaijanis Kurtuluş. 

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154 
 
the essential basis for all activity of the National Centers; henceforth they are 
united in the struggle for the conquest of the unalienable rights of the Caucasian 
peoples.”
393
 
Thus, the Caucasian Independence Committee, for the new phase of the 
Caucasian independence movement, revealed its intention to convene a conference 
to discuss its past activities and proposed to create a new organ to carry out the 
fundamental principles of the Pact.
394
 
 
The reactions of the Caucasian emigration to the signing of the Pact were 
generally positive. Criticisms had been made pro forma on two different points. 
One was related those who signed the pact on behalf of the North Caucasian 
emigration. Some Caucasians believe that the signatures were not the notable 
names of the North Caucasian emigration. The other point was related to the 
Armenian question. According to these criticisms, there was no need to declare the 
Pact without ensuring the participation of Armenians.
395
 
 
The proposed conference of the Caucasian Independence Committee held 
from 14-23 February 1935.
396
 After the election of the presidential board and 
determination of the agenda, the Secretary General of the Caucasian Independence 
Committee summarised the activities over the eight years of activities of the 
                                                                                                                                        
392
 This pact was signed by M.E. Resulzade and A. M. Topcubasi (Azerbaijan National Center), 
M.G. Sunç, İbrahim Çulik and Tavsultan Şakman (North Caucasian National Center), and Noy 
Jordaniya and A. Chkhenkeli (Georgian National Center). 
393
 “Appeal of the Caucasian Independence Committee to All Caucasian Patriots,” 1934. Severnyi 
Kavkaz/Şimali Kafkasya, (Warsaw), 3: 4-5. 
394
 “Appeal.” 

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