Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university



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KITOBcomparative typology of english uzbek and russian languages

Agglutinative languages 
Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are 
always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents 
only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are 
easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they may be 
individually identified. Agglutinative languages tend to have a high number of 
morphemes per word, and their morphology is highly regular.
Agglutinative languages include Korean, Hungarian, Turkish, Japanese and 
Luganda. 
Fusional languages
Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the 
root or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into 


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one affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in 
the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, 
or by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are of course 
inseparable from the root. 
Most Indo-European languages are fusional to a varying degree. A 
remarkably high degree of fusionality is also found in certain Sami languages such 
as Skolt Sami. 
 
Polysynthetic languages
In 1836, Wilhelm von Humboldt proposed a third category for classifying 
languages, a category that he labeled "polysynthetic". (The term "polysynthesis" 
was first used in linguistics by Peter Stephen DuPonceau who borrowed it from 
chemistry.) These languages have a high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly regular 
morphology, and a tendency for verb forms to include morphemes that refer to 
several arguments besides the subject ("polypersonalism"). Another feature of 
polysynthetic languages is commonly expressed as "the ability to form words that 
are equivalent to whole sentences in other languages". Of course, this is rather 
useless as a defining feature, since it is tautological ("other languages" can only be 
defined by opposition to polysynthetic ones and vice versa). 


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Many Amerindian languages are polysynthetic. Inuktitut is one example, for 
instance, the word-phrase: "tavvakiqutiqarpiit" roughly translates to "Do you have 
any tobacco for sale?". 
Note that no clear division exists between synthetic languages and 
polysynthetic languages; the place of one language largely depends on its relation 
to other languages displaying similar characteristics on the same scale. 

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