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one affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in
the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation,
or by suprasegmental features
such as stress or tone, which are of course
inseparable from the root.
Most Indo-European languages are fusional to a varying degree. A
remarkably high degree of fusionality is also found in certain Sami languages such
as Skolt Sami.
Polysynthetic languages
In 1836, Wilhelm von Humboldt proposed a third
category for classifying
languages, a category that he labeled "polysynthetic". (The term "polysynthesis"
was first used in linguistics by Peter Stephen DuPonceau who borrowed it from
chemistry.) These languages have a high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly regular
morphology, and a tendency for verb forms to include
morphemes that refer to
several arguments besides the subject ("polypersonalism"). Another feature of
polysynthetic languages is commonly expressed as "the ability to form words that
are equivalent to whole sentences in other languages". Of course, this is rather
useless as a defining feature, since it is tautological ("other languages" can only be
defined by opposition to polysynthetic ones and vice versa).
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Many Amerindian languages are polysynthetic. Inuktitut is one example, for
instance, the word-phrase: "tavvakiqutiqarpiit" roughly translates to "Do you have
any tobacco for sale?".
Note that no clear division exists between
synthetic languages and
polysynthetic languages; the place of one language largely depends on its relation
to other languages displaying similar characteristics on the same scale.
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