Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

 
Morphological typology in reality 
Each of the types above is idealizations; they do not exist in a pure state in 
reality. Although they generally fit best into one category, "all" languages are 
mixed types. English is synthetic, but it is more analytic than Spanish and much 
more analytic than Latin. Chinese is the usual model of analytic languages, but it 
does have some bound morphemes. Japanese is highly synthetic (agglutinative) in 
its verbs, but clearly analytic in its nouns. For these reasons, the scale above is 
continuous and relative, not absolute. It is difficult to classify a language as 
absolutely analytic or synthetic, as a language could be described as more synthetic 
than Chinese, but less synthetic than Korean. 
Morphology is the identification, analysis, and description of the structure of 
words (words as units in the lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). While 
words are generally accepted as being (with clitics) the smallest units of syntax, it 
is clear that in most (if not all) languages, words can be related to other words by 
rules. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog, dogs, and 
dogcatcher are closely related. English speakers recognize these relations from 
their tacit knowledge of the rules of word formation in English. They infer 
intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; similarly, thedog is to dogcatcher as 
thedish is to thedishwasher. The rules understood by the speaker reflect specific 
patterns (or regularities) in the way words are formed from smaller units and how 
those smaller units interact in speech. In this way, morphology is the branch of 
linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages and 
attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those 
languages. 
In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In 
other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. A morpheme is not 
identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a 
morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is 
freestanding. When it stands by itself, it is considered a root because it has a 
meaning of its own (e.g. the morpheme cat) and when it depends on another 

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morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function 
(e.g. the –s in cats to indicate that it is plural). Every word comprises one or more 
morphemes. 
General classification of the morpheme according to the role in the word is 
similar in compared languages. They can be classified as free and bound 
morphemes. While in Uzbek and Russian, they are called root and affixed 
morphemes.
Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and 
can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). 
Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction 
with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears 
only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in 
English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Examples of suffixes are -
tion, -ation, -ible, -ing, etc. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called 
cranberry morphemes. 
Bound morphemes in the compared languages can be compared as follows: