Monitoring International Trends posted January 2015

10^ Research and Markets: Global Plasma Fractionation (Albumin, Immunoglobulin, Factor VIII, Protease Inhibitors) Market Report 2014-2019

11^ A bleeding disorder may also be acquired. Baxter's drug Obizur was approved by the FDA in October 2014 for treating bleeding episodes in adults with acquired Hemophilia A.

12^ Revolade in the EU and the rest of the world.

13^ ITP is characterised by a low platelet count. Some children with acute ITP do not require treatment and/or their disease resolves, but up to 30 per cent of patients experience persistent disease at 12 months and are diagnosed with chronic ITP and are at risk of severe bleeding.

14
^ Fan Zhang, Kun Wang, Feng-Ning Li, Xuan Huang, Quan Li, Zhi Chen, Yi-Bo Tang, Hong-Xing Shen, Qing-Xin Song, “Effectiveness of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in spinal surgery: a meta-analysis”, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2014, 15:448  doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-448. The electronic version of this article can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/15/448

15
^ Jing-Yuan Xu, Qi-Hong Chen, Jian-Feng Xie, Chun Pan, Song-Qiao Liu, Li-Wei Huang, Cong-Shan Yang, Ling Liu, Ying-Zi Huang, Feng-Mei Guo, Yi Yang, and Hai-Bo Qiu, “Comparison of the effects of albumin and crystalloid on mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials”, Crit Care. 2014; 18(6): 702. Published online 2014 Dec 15. doi:  10.1186/s13054-014-0702-y

16
^ Cancer care is co-ordinated by the Norris Cotton Cancer Center

17
^ published in the January issue of the Journal of Hospital Medicine.

18
^ Published 14 January 2015 in Blood, the journal of the American Society of Haematology.

19
^ Arne Driessen et al., “Functional capacity of reconstituted blood in 1:1:1 versus 3:1:1 ratios: A thrombelastometry study”, Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2015, 23:2

20
^ TRALI occurs when air spaces in the lungs become acutely inflamed and filled with fluid following the administration of blood products. Symptoms of TRALI include shortness of breath, low blood pressure and fever.

21
^ Diederik W.J. Dippel et al., “A Randomized Trial of Intraarterial Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke”, N Engl J Med 2015; 372:11-20,January 1, 2015. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411587

22
^ Morten Lamberts et al., “Relation of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs to Serious Bleeding and Thromboembolism Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Antithrombotic Therapy: A Nationwide Cohort StudyRelation of NSAIDs to Serious Bleeding and Thromboembolism Rates in AF”, Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(10):690-698. doi:10.7326/M13-1581.

23
^ By Francis Couturaud, Abstract #LBA-3, ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition; Dec. 6-9, 2014; San Francisco.

24
^ L.L. Ling et al., “A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance,” Nature, doi:10.1038/nature14098, 2015 (7 January 2015).

25
^ BARZEL, A., Paulk, N. K., Shi, Y., Huang, Y., Chu, K., Zhang, F., Valdmanis, P. N., Spector, L. P., Porteus, M. H., Gaensler, K. M., Kay, M. A.Hide, “Promoterless gene targeting without nucleases ameliorates haemophilia B in mice”, Nature 2015; 517 (7534): 360-364 DOI 10.1038/nature13864

26
^ Chen Liu, Daniel Kim-Shapiro et al.,“Mechanisms of Human Erythrocytic Bioactivation of Nitrite”, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 12/14 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M114.609222

27
^ A paper describing their experiments appeared n 14 January in Nature Communication.

28
^ Claessens A, Hamilton WL, Kekre M, Otto TD, Faizullabhoy A, Rayner JC and Kwiatkowski D. Publication, “Generation of Antigenic Diversity in Plasmodium falciparum by Structured Rearrangement of Var Genes During Mitosis”, PLoS genetics (2014)

29
^ NewLink Genetics Corporation and Merck announced  that the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has awarded NewLink Genetics' wholly-owned subsidiary, BioProtection Systems, as the prime contractor in a $US 30 million contract to support the manufacturing and development activities of its investigational rVSV-EBOV (Ebola) vaccine candidate, including clinical development through a new 330-person Phase Ib study.The vaccine candidate was initially developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), and is now being developed under an exclusive licensing and collaboration agreement between NewLink Genetics and Merck. Depending on the results of Phase I trials, the US National Institutes of Health announced plans to initiate, in early 2015, a large randomized, controlled Phase II/III study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this and another investigational Ebola vaccine candidate.

30
^ The IMI is a public-private initiative aiming to speed up the development of better and safer medicines for patients. Funding for the IMI Ebola+ programme comes from Horizon 2020, the European Union's research and innovation programme, and from in-kind contributions from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) partners in the projects. Involved in the consortia are the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, INSERM, Oxford University, La Centre Muraz, Bavarian Nordic A/S, Vibalogics, the Grameen Foundation and World Vision of Ireland with Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies

31
^ A preliminary analysis also showed a reduction of the viral load in the blood of monkeys receiving the drug.

32
^ A new study says that H9N2, which helped give rise to the deadly H7N9, evolved to become increasingly infectious in chickens in the years leading up to H7N9’s appearance. H9N2 had been circulating on chicken farms in China since 1994. Then the virus recombined in poultry markets with H7 and N9 viruses that had been passed from wild birds to domestic ducks. The resulting H7N9 flu virus jumped to humans in 2013.

33
^ Scientists led by Sun Shihui from the Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology and Zhao Guangyu from the Academy of Military Medical Science reported in the British journal Clinical infectious Diseases that they found that African green monkeys inoculated with H7N9 and treated intravenously with an antibody experienced reduced acute lung infection (ALI) and reduced systemic inflammation.

34
^ Other neuraminidase inhibitors approved by the FDA are oseltamivir(Tamiflu), administered orally, and zanamivir, which is inhaled.

35
^ the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

36
^ Between 6 and 9 January 2015, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia notified WHO of 5 additional cases of MERS infection, including 1 death.

37
^ Their paper was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases

38
^ Helena C. Maltezou, Sotirios Tsiodras, “Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Implications for health care facilities”, American Journal of Infection Control, December 2014 , Volume 42, Issue 12, Pages 1261–1265 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.06.019

39
^ Hervé Cassard et al., “Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions”, Nature Communications Volume 5, Article number:5821 Published 16 December 2014 DOI:doi:10.1038/ncomms6821

40
^ Laura E McCoy et al., “Molecular Evolution of Broadly Neutralizing Llama Antibodies to the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1”, PloS Pathogens, December 18, 2014DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004552