51
50
The different approaches to the above men-
tioned concerns determine how individuals, a
smaller group of people, a state or even more
states prioritize these questions or support fi-
nancially the different options. How much do
they promote gene research, how much money
is spent on organ transplantation, artificial
insemination, scientific research? What current
activities are supported? How much are we
trying to influence the future with education,
propaganda? How much money do we actually
allocate for the treatment of suffering patients,
how much for prevention? Is there someone
whose life is more important than others’? Do
we help tumor patients or we spend our wealth
on weapons? Do we notice that by the simple
act of money allocation we decide on the life
or happiness of individuals, and communities?
In the course of the book, which deals with
different issues of Bioethics in thirteen chap-
ters, several other questions are addressed.
III.
A
CKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to express his deep
gratitude towards Gyula Gaizler (1922-1996),
who was the first pioneer lecturing Bioethics
at Pázmány Péter Catholic University and this
present book intends to be a continuation of
his oeuvre.
51
Biomedical Imaging
Zoltán Vidnyánszky, Viktor Gál,
Éva Bankó, Miklós Gyöngy
Pázmány Péter Catholic University
Faculty of Information Technology
Budapest, Hungary
vidnyanszky@itk.ppke.hu
György Erőss
Philips Healthcare
Philips Hungary Ltd.
Budapest, Hungary
István Kóbor, Lajos R Kozák
MR Research Center, Szentágothai
J. Knowledge Center
Semmelweis University
Budapest, Hungary
Summary — The course introduces current
imaging methods in the medical practice and
biomedical research. Modern X-ray, CT, PET,
PET-CT, MRI and US equipment, principles of
the imaging techniques, analysis and practical
issues are also covered by the presentations.
There is a special emphasis on the application
areas of MRI: 9 of the 21 lectures discuss dif-
ferent aspects of this modality including special
topics such as pharmacological and small ani-
mal MRI. The other field given special empha-
sis is ultrasound: an exhaustive introduction
from the basics to advanced imaging types cov-
ered in nine additional lectures.
Keywords - Imaging, X-ray, CT, MRI, DTI,
phMRI, fMRI, PET, US, Biological Imaging,
Radiography, SPECT, Nuclear Medicine,
Tomography, Diagnostic ultrasound, Gamma
Camera, Clinical Imaging, Functional Imaging,
Neuroimaging, MRI Technology, MR physics,
MR spectroscopy, Perfusion Weighted Imaging,
BOLD Imaging, Clinical fMRI, Pharmaceutical
fMRI, Connectivity Mapping, Animal fMRI,
fMRI Biomarker, Optogenetic fMRI, Electrical
Microstimulation fMRI, Diffusion Weighted
MRI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI),
Tractography, Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL),
Source Localization
I.
I
NTRODUCTION
A.
Highschool background
Detailed knowledge about the subject is not
required; however, the course builds upon
basic knowledge of functional neuroanatomy
and nuclear physics. Competence in biology
and linear algebra is assumed. Audience will
be given extensive glossary to be able to fol-
low the curriculum.
B.
Topics in higher education
Preparing the curriculum we built upon our
own slides and the publicly available curricula
of universities with long history of neuroim-
aging often exclusive to functional MRI. We
exceed the generally available slides with in-
cluding other neuroimaging modalities (such
as CT and PET) and introducing less main-
stream MRI techniques (such as DTI, ASL)
and funtional MRI applications (such as clini-
cal fMRI, pharmacological fMRI).
II.
R
ESULTS
The course is split into 12+9 chapters, in-
cluding approx. 1000 slides. The biggest em-
phasis is given to functional MRI, which is
detailed in seven chapters, four of which in-
troduces the physics and engineering back-
ground, data collection, and basic and ad-
vanced analysis techniques, while the other
three give numerous examples of application
in basic neuroscience, clinical practice, and
pharmacology.
Two chapters present less prevalent and
hence less known MRI techniques, while the
remaining three lectures inform about other
neuroimaging modalities: X-ray, CT and PET.
The nine additional lectures are dedicated
to ultrasound, encompassing various topics
from the phenomenological principles of
acoustics on which ultrasound imaging is
based to the latest ultrasound-based imaging
methods such as sonoelastography and photo-
acoustic imaging.
53
52
III.
METHODS
We developed a slide series for the lectures
with informative figures pertaining – but not
limited – to engineering and physics back-
ground of these neuroimaging modalities and
schematic illustrations of imaging techniques
which make them readily comprehensible (see
example below).
2011.10.07..
TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006
41
Principles of ASL: acquiring tagged image
• Tag/label (with inversion) water in the blood proximal
of imaging plane
• Wait predefined period of time for blood to arrive
• Acquire tagged image
2011.10.07..
TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006
41
www.itk.ppke.hu
Label slab
Scan slab
time
Label: inversion pulse
Image: scan
Blood flow
TI
Biomedical Imaging: Recent Advances in MRI
53
Introduction to Biophysics
Péter Závodszky,Dániel Györffy
Pázmány Péter Catholic University
Faculty of Information Technology
Budapest, Hungary
zxp@enzim.hu, gydlacf@enzim.hu
Summary —This course material is ad-
dressed mainly to bachelor and master’s degree
students in molecular bionics and biology. The
material grew out of courses in biophysics and
physical biochemistry at Pázmány Péter and
Eötvös Loránd Universities in Budapest as well
as at UCLA in Los Angeles. The text and fig-
ures emphasize those aspects of physics and
physical-chemistry which find applications to
the life sciences. The approach is interdiscipli-
nary in the sense that principles and methods
of physics, chemistry and biology are used to
describe the events in a living cell at the level of
molecules. An attempt is made to provide con-
ceptual explanations of the models and equa-
tions so that students can reinforce quantitative
description with qualitative understanding.
Keywords— molecular biophysics; physical
biochemistry; life sciences
I.
I
NTRODUCTION
Biophysics is the discipline of quantitative-
ly describing physical phenomena taking place
in biological systems.
Our course focuses on molecular biophys-
ics, mainly the biological macromolecules in
aqueous solution. Two chapters are devoted to
an important - and from a didactical point of
view, the most interesting - macromolecules:
proteins, to show how to apply the basic and
general concepts of biophysics to biological
systems.
Physical approach to molecular life scienc-
es rests on three main conceptual theories:
Quantum mechanics that describes the
motions and energies of microscopic particles.
In contrast to quantum mechanics thermo
dynamics deals with macroscopic, directly
observable properties, and places strict limita-
tions on the interconversion of different forms
energy. Since the interconversion of energy,
heat and light is basic to life, thermodynamics
is unavoidable to describe living matter. An-
other important facet of thermodynamics that
it allows us to predict equilibrium state having
only the properties of substances involved in
metabolism.
Statistical mechanics bridges the micro-
scopic realm of quantum mechanics to the
macroscopic realm of thermodynamics.
The aim of this curriculum is to demon-
strate that scientists must resort to experi-
ments, and quantum and statistical mechanics
constitute the framework within which exper-
iment must be interpreted at the level of atoms
and molecules.
A.
P
PREREQUISITES
To be able to follow the course easily,
students should have some basic mathematical
knowledge. The topics used in this curriculum
include one- and multidimensional calculus
(functions,
derivation,
integration),
differential equations and vector algebra.
Some non-standard, and hence more
complicated, elements also appear, but their
complete knowledge is not required to fully
understand the course.
We also build upon the knowledge of the
laws and equations of Newtonian mechanics.
The greater part of the course deals with the
physics of bimolecular systems, so knowledge
of some basic chemical concepts is also
required
54
B. O
FFERED COMPETENCIES
Through the course, students can learn
about methods used to
quantitatively describe some simple
phenomena, and several techniques of
describing a more complicated process or
system starting at the simplest representation
of them and advancing to more complicated
descriptions by taking progressively more
details and conditions into consideration.
II.
TOPICS
The course material consists of 10 chapters
with 731 slides. Besides text, there are 240
figures and 28 tables.
The first chapter presents the fundamental
equations and concepts of phenomenological
and statistical thermodynamics. The second
and third chapters present both the experi-
mental and theoretical aspects of reaction ki-
netics. Understanding the current theory of
bimolecular kinetics requires basic knowledge
of quantum mechanics, so a longer quantum
mechanical introduction is incorporated into
the third chapter.
From the fourth to sixth chapters, students
can become acquainted with the thermody-
namics of solutions. The fourth chapter starts
with neutral solutions with only two compo-
nents, and the sixth one discusses the thermo-
dynamics of electrolytes.
The seventh chapter provides an introduc-
tion to the topic of molecular interactions, and
discusses the binding of one or several small
ligands to a biological macromolecule.
The eighth chapter describes the common
components and electronic properties of bio-
logical membranes.
The last two chapters deal with proteins.
Structural features are presented in the ninth
chapter and the special function of proteins as
enzymes are discussed in the tenth chapter.
III.
METHODS
The curriculum emphasizes the rigorous
mathematical derivation of different laws. We
made an effort to present the derivations in
small steps for better clarity while keeping the
material sufficiently concise.
The practical applications of concepts and
equations are exemplified by experiments to
provide qualitative interpretation to models
and quantitative descriptions of the phenome-
na.
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