proof
151
7.8 "Strong interaction"
A central question of nuclear physics concerns the forces which keep the atomic nucleus,
which consists of many neutrons and protons, together and give it its very good stability in
spite of the like positive charge (key question XIV fig. 7.13).
According to today's textbook opinion (course of the field indicated with a in fig. 7.8) the
forces of repulsion between the individual protons increase further as the distance gets
smaller, to obtain immense values within the nucleus. They theoretically had to be
overcome by new and unknown nuclear forces. Therefore physicists assume the
hypothesis of a "strong interaction". But they are mistaken.
The answer to this open question is provided by the course of the field (b) for the proton,
sketched in fig. 7.8. We see that the electric field at first indeed still increases if we
approach the proton, but in the proximity it contrary to all expectations
decreases again
until it is zero. With that then also any force of repulsion has vanished! But the course of
the field follows without compulsion from the overlap of the three individual elementary
vortex fields.
The field direction in the z-direction even is reversed! In this topsy-turvy world, in theory,
an electromagnetic force of attraction between two like charged protons can occur. We
conclude:
A strong interaction doesn't exist at all. The usually given values for "range" and
"strength" just represent a misinterpretation. The hatched drawn area marks the difference
which is misinterpreted by quantum physics. The model concept over and above that
answers another mysterious property of the proton. As an electrically charged particle with
a spin it first of all should form a magnetic moment for reason of the rotating charge. But
until now the measurable order of magnitude couldn't be explained.
7.9 Magnetic moment of the proton
If the inner positrons rotate around each other with oppositely pointing spin, then the
magnetic field line is already closed within the particle and no effect in x- or y-direction is
observable from the outside.
As pair they however still can rotate together around the z-axis and they'll do that. The
overlapping electron for reason of its rotation of its own will likewise build up a magnetic
dipole moment along its axis of rotation. It also will align its axis in the z-direction, so that
now all three elementary vortices have one field axis. Being comparable to individually
"elementary magnets" aligned in the same direction they produce a triple magnetic
moment (key question XII fig. 7.13).
If we namely would start with a single positively charged body according to the theory of
quantum mechanics, then we would have expected the value of the nuclear magneton
p
m
as the magnetic moment for the proton p
m
=
. Opposite
to that provide
experiments with protons the approx. threefold value as already predictable by the new
vortex theory. In addition does the direction of the vector p
mp
correspond with the spin-
axis, so as if the proton were negatively charged. The reason for that is that only the
outermost elementary vortex determines the spin of the particle, and that is actually a
negatively charged electron! Also this excellent agreement in the case of the proton can be
judged as proof for the correctness of the vortex model.
: The nuclear magneton has the value of: p
mk
= 5,0508 • 10
-27
Am
2
proof
153
7.10 Structure of the neutron
Until now could not be solved, why despite its missing charge also the neutron n° has a
magnetic moment. The experimentally determined value is approx. the double of the
nuclear magneton. Further was with measuring techniques an only 0,14% bigger mass
with regard to the proton determined. The difference is approximately two and a half
electron masses. And how reads the answer in the view of the potential vortex theory?
It is obvious that a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron mutually
attract and amass together (fig. 7.10a). A pair annihilation can't occur, because the
electron, which jackets both positrons, prevents this. The formation of an outer shell is not
permitted by the high stability of the proton. It would have to be a positron shell, which
instead of neutrality would produce a double positive charge. Conceivable is however the
configuration, in which one of the two e
+
of the proton takes up the e
-
in its inside and
overlaps it (fig. 7.10b).
At first appears the amassing of p
+
and e
-
to be the obvious answer to the structure of the
neutron also in view of the small increase in mass. Since both elementary particles (p
+
and
e
-
) have a spin, will they align their axes of rotation antiparallelly and rotate against one
another, exactly like an electron pair. But we now have unequal conditions: the proton
brings the triple magnetic moment, the electron however only the single, and its field line
will be closed by the proton. The difference which remains is the measurable double
nuclear magneton, with which key question XIII (fig. 7.13) would be answered
exhaustively.
This structure is shown in fig. 7.10a and has as rest mass the by only one electron mass
increased proton mass, but it will deviate from this value, when the unequal partner come
closer. Doing so the electron will be more strongly compressed by the heavier proton as
vice versa.
Mass, magnetic moment and charge thus correspond to a large extent with the
measurement values. Problems are seen concerning the spin and the stability.
Set of problems concerning spin: both the e
-
and the p
+
have a half-integer spin, for which
reason this configuration should have an integer spin.
Set of problems concerning stability: the neutron decays as is well-known in a p
+
and an
e
-
, but this object should be shorter-lived as determined by experiments. If namely the
partner come each other very close, then the field strength of the p
+
, contrary to
expectation, doesn't increase but decreases, as is shown in fig. 7.8. The e
-
therefore can
only be bound very, very loosely; in z-direction it even will be repelled!
For these reasons is the open structure, which is shown in fig. 7.10a, not feasible as an
isolated elementary particle, but only in a spatially extended network, like it is present in
an atomic nucleus. In this case the neutron is, as is well-known, lighter by the mass defect,
which is interpreted as binding energy.
Possibly it only concerns an intermediate stage. The heavier final product of the n° then
could look like is shown in fig. 7.10b. For this version the line of the magnetic field
already is closed partly within the particle, so that also here the approx. double nuclear
magneton remains as a rest with a sense of orientation, as if the neutron were negatively
charged.
Without charge and with the 1/2 spin it in this configuration fulfils all important quantum
properties of the neutron, even that of the stability.