Running head: prejudice and discrimination activities for Teaching about Prejudice and Discrimination
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Background Research
- LGBT Civil Rights History Worksheet Instructions
- LGBT Civil Rights History Worksheet Answer Key
Materials:
Estimated Time: 40-60 minutes Group Size: This exercise works well with all group sizes. Instructions: Distribute the “LGBT Civil Rights History Worksheet” as a pop quiz. The quiz can be adapted to include all or a few historical events within the LGBT community. This version outlines some events given on the LGBT Rights Timeline. Chances are, a majority of students will not be able to complete the worksheet on their own. For this reason, participants may work in groups to complete the worksheet. Have the groups stop working after 10-15 minutes even if they are not finished. Next, project for the class the “LGBT Rights Timeline” and/or provide each participant with a copy of the timeline. During the presentation, have participants note any events that are significant to them. After the presentation, allow participants to share interesting facts that they have learned and to raise any questions they have. Finally, divide participants into small groups to answer the discussion questions before the entire group meets as a whole to do so. Background Research: The landmark ruling, Lawrence v. Texas (2003), is often cited as the beginning of the current gay rights movement. Since the time of that ruling, attitudes toward acceptance of gay rights have shown a clear cultural shift. As Kite (2011) notes, the sheer number of polls now tracking issues such as support for gay marriage, gay adoption, and gays in the military surely indicates that attitudes are changing and are likely to continue to do so. Other recent changes include the repeal of the U.S. military’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy,” signed into law in 2010 by President Barack Obama, and the Supreme Court rulings overturning portions of the Defense of Marriage Act (United States v. Windsor, 2013) and the ruling on California’s Proposition 8 (Hollingsworth v. Perry, 2013) that resulted in gay marriages being resumed in that state. However, national opinion polls also show that acceptance of gay rights is much greater among younger than older people; percentages supporting gay marriage are lowest for those 65 years and older (32%) followed by those 50-64 (37%), those 30-49 (40%), and those 18-29 (59%; Jones, 2009). Other factors that predict anti-gay prejudice include gender, religiosity, and level of education (Herek, 2000). Acceptance of gay civil rights is also becoming more widespread in Western Europe, but remains very low in African and the Middle East (Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2007). Despite these recent visible changes in Western societies, sexual minorities continue to face harassment, criminal victimization, verbal abuse, and other forms of hostility because of their sexual orientation (Herek, 2009). Looking only at recent change also masks the experiences of older sexual minorities who were, historically, largely invisible. For example, Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin, founders of Daughters of Bilitis, both reported on the National Public Radio Show Fresh Air (2008) that when they realized they were attracted to women, they thought they were the only ones. Other landmark historic events deserve attention, including the Stonewall riots, and Evelyn Hooker’s groundbreaking work demonstrating that mental illness was not more prevalent in gay men than in heterosexual men, and the decision of the American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality as mental illness from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). It is important to understand how these events opened the way for the attitude changes we are witnessing today. References: American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author Fresh Air (Producer). (2008, August 29). Lesbian activist, Pioneering journalist Del Martin [Audio]. National Public Radio. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94105031 Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00051 Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 54-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260508316477 Hollingsworth v. Perry, 570 U.S.___ (2013). Jones, J. M. (2009). Majority of Americans continue to oppose gay marriage. Princeton, NJ. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/118378/Majority-Americans-Continue-Oppose-Gay-Marriage.aspx Kite, M. E. (2011). (Some) things are different now: An optimistic look at sexual prejudice. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 415-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684311414831 Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 538 (2003). Pew Global Attitudes Project (2007). World publics welcome global trade--but not immigration. Retrieved from http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258topline.pdf United States v. Windsor 12–307 (2013). LGBT Rights Timeline The Gay Rights Movement is a civil rights movement that advocates equal rights for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transsexual individuals. The timeline listed below contains some of the most pivotal events in this movement throughout U.S. and world history. 1924: Henry Gerber founds the Society for Human Rights, the first documented gay rights organization in the United States. The society was chartered by the State of Illinois and published Friendship and Freedom, the first U.S. publication for homosexuals. The Society soon disbands due to political pressures and what Gerber later describes as being “up against a solid wall of ignorance, hypocrisy, meanness, and corruption” (quoted in Williams & Reter, 2003, p. 54). 1928: Radclyffe Hall’s lesbian novel, The Well of Loneliness is published. As a result, homosexuality becomes a topic of public conversation in both the United States and England. 1945: Homosexuals remain interned in Nazi concentration camps after liberation by the Allied forces. This is because Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code declared homosexual relations between males to be illegal along with acts such as underage sex abuse and bestiality. 1948: Alfred Kinsey’s landmark book, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is published. Kinsey reports that 37% of men he interviewed had participated in homosexual behavior at least once. Based on his research, Kinsey proposes that sexual orientation lies on a continuum from exclusively homosexual to exclusively heterosexual. 1950: Activist Harry Hay founds the Mattachine Society, one of the earliest homophile/homosexual organizations in the United States. Their goal is to organize and advocate for homosexual rights and to reduce the feelings of isolation that many gays and lesbians of the time are experiencing. 1953: Executive Order 10450 is signed by President Dwight Eisenhower, ordering the dismissal of government workers who engage in “sexual perversion” and other immoral acts. Although the Order does not explicitly mention homosexuality, hundreds of gays and lesbians lose their job as a result. 1955: In San Francisco, activists Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon found the Daughters of Bilitis, a lesbian civil and political rights organization. The group eventually publishes a magazine, the first lesbian publication of any kind. 1956: At the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Evelyn Hooker presents research comparing the psychological health of homosexual and heterosexual men. Her results show that even skilled research experts find no differences in the mental health of these two groups. 1962: Illinois becomes the first state to decriminalize homosexual acts between two consenting adults in private. 1966: The oldest collegiate student organization for gays, the Student Homophile League, is founded at Columbia University. 1969: The Stonewall Riots, named after the historically gay-frequented bar, The Stonewall Inn, take place in Greenwich Village in New York City. Police forces had unjustly raided the establishment in the past, but on this occasion, gays protest the raids, and the event becomes a pivotal, defining moment in the movement for LGBT rights. 1970: The first gay pride marches are held in multiple cities in the United States on the first anniversary of the Stonewall Riots. These are the first of many pride marches that will take place across the globe in years to come. 1973: The American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders II, concluding that it is not a mental illness. Evelyn Hooker’s pioneering research on homosexuality plays a crucial role in this decision. 1974: Elaine Noble becomes the first openly gay person to be elected as a state legislator; she serves in the Massachusetts State House of Representatives for two terms. 1975: The Bisexual Forum is founded in New York City and the Gay American Indians Organization is founded in San Francisco. 1977: Harvey Milk is elected city-county supervisor in San Francisco and becomes the third “out” elected public official in the United States. Quebec, Canada passes laws to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in both private and public sectors. 1978: Shortly after assuming his elected role as Supervisor, Harvey Milk is assassinated along with San Francisco’s Mayor Greg Moscone. Supervisor Dan White is convicted of voluntary manslaughter and is sentenced to seven years in prison. In San Francisco, the Rainbow Flag is first flown; the flag becomes a symbol of gay and lesbian pride. 1979: Over 100,000 people participate in the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights. Chapters of the national organization of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) are founded across the United States. 1980: David McReynolds appears on the Socialist Party ballot, becoming the first openly gay individual to run for President of the United States. 1981: A lethal virus is noticed spreading through the gay community. It is first reported in the New York Times as a rare pneumonia and skin cancer and is initially referred to by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as gay-related immunodeficiency [disease] (GRID). When it is recognized that the virus is found in other populations, it is renamed the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 1982: The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force initiates a project aimed to counter the rise in violence related to homophobia in the United States. 1983: The first National Lesbians of Color Conference is organized in Los Angeles. 1984: After an eight-year legal battle Duncan Donovan, a Los Angeles gay activist, wins the right to receive the death benefits of his life partner. 1986: The United States Supreme Court ruling in Bower v. Hardwick upholds the right of each state to criminalize private same-sex acts. 1987: ACT UP is formed in order to protest inaction in response to the AIDS epidemic in the U.S. The Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC) is founded with the goal of fighting against ageism and for lesbian rights. 1988: The brochure Understanding AIDS is mailed by the CDC to every American household. The World Health Organization organizes the first World AIDS Day in attempts to spread awareness of the disease. 1992: Homosexuality is removed from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization. 1993: The Department of Defense issues the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy; under this policy, applicants to the U.S. Armed Forces would not be asked about nor required to disclose their sexual orientation. 1996: In the case of Romer v. Evans, the United States Supreme Court rules that Colorado's second amendment, which denies gays and lesbians protections against discrimination, is unconstitutional. President Clinton signs the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) into law, which defines marriage as a union between one man and one woman. 1998: Widow of the late Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, speaks out against homophobia in America, despite receiving criticism for comparing Black civil rights to gay rights. 1999: California adopts a domestic partner law, allowing same-sex couples equal rights, responsibilities, benefits, and protections as married couples. 2000: Vermont becomes the first state to legalize civil unions, a unity similar to domestic partnerships. Israel begins recognizing same-sex relationships for foreign partners of Israeli residents. 2004: Massachusetts legalizes same-sex marriage and New Jersey legalizes domestic partnerships; 11 other states ban such legal recognitions. Same-sex marriage is also banned in Australia, although the neighboring nation of New Zealand passes legislation recognizing gay civil unions. 2006: Discrimination based on sexual orientation is banned in Illinois and the State of Washington State adds sexual orientation to its existing anti-discrimination laws. 2008: Proposition 8, an amendment banning same-sex marriage in California, is passed into law. This inspires the NOH8 campaign, a social project featuring celebrities who promote marriage equality. 2009: President Obama signs the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act which expands the Federal Hate Crime Law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. 2010: The “Don't Ask, Don't Tell” policy is repealed following a U.S. Senate vote; gays and lesbians can now serve openly in the U.S. Armed Forces. 2011: The Obama administration states it will no longer support the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) that banned the recognition of same-sex marriages in the United States. 2013: The United States Supreme Court rules that the key parts of DOMA are unconstitutional and that gay couples are entitled to federal benefits such as Social Security survivor benefits and family leave. The Court’s ruling on California’s Proposition 8 results in gay marriages being resumed in that state. Sources Koppelman, A. (1997). Romer v. Evans and invidious intent. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 6(1). Retrieved from: http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol6/iss1/3 Equality Forum (n.d.). Del Martin & Phyllis Lyon: Biography. Philadelphia, PA: Author. Retrieved from http://lgbthistorymonth.com/del-martin-phyllis-lyon?tab=biography Leitsinger, M. (2013, March 23). Gay rights timeline: Key dates in the fight for equality. NBC News: New York, NY. Retrieved from http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/23/17418872-gay-rights-timeline-key-dates-in-the-fight-for-equality?lite. Milar, K. S. (2011, February). The myth buster: Evelyn Hooker’s groundbreaking research exploded the notion that homosexuality was a mental illness, ultimately removing it from the DSM. Monitor on Psychology, 42(2), 24. Public Broadcasting Service (2012). Milestones in the American gay rights movement. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/stonewall/ Time, Inc. (2013). Pride and prejudice: An interactive timeline of the fight for gay rights. New York, NY: Author. Retrieved from http://nation.time.com/2013/03/26/pride-and-prejudice-an-interactive-timeline-of-the-fight-for-gay-rights/ Williams, W. L., & Retter, Y. (2003). Gay and lesbian rights in the United States: A documentary history. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. LGBT Civil Rights History Worksheet Instructions: Fill in the blank with information about major events in the struggle for LGBT civil rights.
LGBT Civil Rights History Worksheet Answer Key
Discussion Questions
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