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Polar Meteorology
A. I. Danilov, V. E. Lagun, A. V. Klepikov
Arctic and Antarctic
Research Institute
aid@aari.ru
This section is a review of the results of Russian polar studies performed in
2011–2014. It is based on material prepared by the Commission on Polar Mete‑
orology of the National Geophysical Committee, Russian Academy of Sciences,
and included in the National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences
to the XXIV General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geo‑
physics, Prague,
Czech Republic, June 22 – July 2, 2015.
1. Arctic meteorology investigations
International Polar Year 2007/08 (IPY) provided a unique opportunity for the
analysis of meteorological conditions of the polar regions
of the Earth in the
context of global climate change. Preliminary results of the Russian IPY Science
Program are summarized in [1–3].
The peculiarities of the Arctic climate system during the first decade of the
XXI century, including IPY period, were considered in [4] based on historic and
IPY meteorological data. The development of the warming in 1990–2000s in the
Arctic sea and its relation to global climate changes was traced and compared
with warming of 1930–40s. Changes in the observed characteristics of the Arctic
atmosphere, sea ice and ocean are compared with changes in other areas and with
estimates calculated within the Global climate model ensemble CMIP3 [4].
Electronic archives of all available upper-air, standard meteorological and
hydrological data obtained at the polar station Tiksi from 1932 to 2007 are cre‑
ated by AARI with participation of Tiksi Branch of Yakutsk Hydrometeorologi‑
cal Service and statistically analyzed in [5].
The total cloud cover (since 1966) and of global short-wave radiation (since
1985) for are reviewed and applied for investigation of Barentsburg region
climate variability [6]. Empirical approach is used for estimation of long-term
variability of long-wave downward radiation, obtained estimation is compared
to cloud characteristic changes, which are supposed to be one of the regional
warming [6].
Numerical analysis of different climate regimes and their changes in Polar
areas is performed based on simulations with climate models collection to ob‑
servations and reanalysis in [7].
A review of the modern Arctic stations network development during prepa‑
ration and implementation of the IPY2007/08 projects is presented in [8]. The
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Meteorology
long‑term data of air mass transit through three points in Russian Arctic are
analyzed for four months (one at each season) for the 20 years period in [9].
Average atmospheric concentrations and average fluxes onto the surface of an‑
thropogenic heavy metals (As, Ni, Pb, Cd) over the Russian Arctic Islands were
estimated for two decades 1986–1995 and 1996–2005. Strong seasonal and spa‑
tial variations of Arctic air pollutions are found. In the central part of Russian
Arctic the concentration of heavy metals in the air as well as annual deposition
onto the surface have been decreasing comparable with the decreasing of anthro‑
pogenic emissions in Europe and Russia [9].
The model of the solar activity effect on the Earth climatic system is consid‑
ered taking into account the helio-geophysical disturbance effect on the Earth
climatic system parameters in [10]. The long-term troposphere and ocean tem‑
perature variation for 1950–2007 is used for showing of continuous increase of
the Earth climatic system heat content with local cooling events. The special
attention is paid to thermal regime of Northern Hemisphere [10].
Results of the atmosphere — sea ice interaction over the Arctic Ocean based
on the direct measurements of heat and momentum turbulent fluxes made in
different parts of the Arctic over various surfaces are presented in [11].
Numerical experiments with the atmospheric general circulation model
ECHAM5 have been performed in order to simulate the influence of changes in
the ocean surface temperature and sea ice concentration on climate characteris‑
tics in Northern Eurasia region [12]. The analysis of the sensitivity of the climate
in Western Europe to sea ice concentration variations alone in the Arctic is a most
important result of the experiments performed in [12].
The calculation results for the wintertime Arctic warming parameters based
on ECHAM5 model using the empirical HadISST1.1 data on sea surface tem‑
perature are analyzed in [13]. According to the experimental results [13] the
mid-20th century warming was accompanied by a significant negative anomaly
of the wintertime Arctic sea ice extent comparable to current trends and also
point to a considerable contribution of natural variability to the present climate
changes. Current amplification of Arctic warming process associated with the
increasing of atmosphere and ocean meridional heat transport from the mid‑lat‑
itudes is demonstrated in [14].
A review of the results of the Arctic Council’s recent assessment report
“Snow, Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic” (SWIPA) on the changing of
Arctic climate is presented in [15].
The possible consequences of current unprecedented climate change for eco‑
nomical activity in the Russian Arctic (shipping, offshore mineral and marine
bioresources exploration) are considered [16–20]. Arctic hydrometeorological
network development perspectives for the Northern Sea Route navigation sup‑
port are presented in [21].