Secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND
SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION
OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN


Ferghana state university

INDEPENDENT WORK

Theme: Principles of Calculus
Done: Aligavhar Rahmonov
Group №: 20.07
English Teacher: A. Qosimova

Ferghana – 2023
Plan:

1. 
   Computing history.
   
2. 
   Early precursors of calculus.
   
3. 
   Modern precursors.
   

Calculus, originally called infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, continuity, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Many elements of calculus appeared in ancient Greece, then in China and the Middle East, and still later again in medieval Europe and in India. Infinitesimal calculus was developed in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently of each other. An argument over priority led to the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy which continued until the death of Leibniz in 1716. The development of calculus and its uses within the sciences have continued to the present day.

In mathematics education, calculus denotes courses of elementary mathematical analysis, which are mainly devoted to the study of functions and limits. The word calculus is Latin for "small pebble" (the diminutive of calx, meaning "stone"), a meaning which still persists in medicine. Because such pebbles were used for counting out distances, tallying votes, and doing abacus arithmetic, the word came to mean a method of computation. In this sense, it was used in English at least as early as 1672, several years prior to the publications of Leibniz and Newton.
In addition to the differential calculus and integral calculus, the term is also used widely for naming specific methods of calculation. Examples of this include propositional calculus in logic, the calculus of variations in mathematics, process calculus in computing, and the felicific calculus in philosophy.

A proof from Euclid's Elements (c. 300 BC), widely considered the most influential textbook of all time.