Seminar Grammar in the systematic conception of language. The development of grammar and its types. Problems to be discussed

Isolating languages
The words in an isolating language are invariable. To put it another way, it is composed of free morphemes and so there are no morphemes to indicate information like grammatical number (eg plural) or tense (past, present, future). Mandarin Chinese is often quoted as an example of such a language (although some claim Vietnamese to be a better example). The transliterated sentence:
gou bú ài chi qingcài
may be literally translated as:
dog not like eat vegetable
Depending on the context, it can mean any of the four following sentences:
the dog did not like to eat vegetables
the dogs do not like to eat vegetables
the dogs did not like to eat vegetables
dogs do not like to eat vegetables
Agglutinative languages
My dictionary gives the definition of agglutinate as "unite as with glue; (of language) combine simple words without change of form to express compound ideas". Textbook examples are usually based on Turkish or Swahili, of which we'll use the Turkish (Uzbek). In our example we'll use the following morphemes:

• 
  lar = plural
  
• 
  ning = possessive (eg his, her, its)
  
• 
  dan = ablative (eg a grammatical "case" ending showing a source, eg from a house).
  

To complete our example, we need a Turkish noun, in this case ev which means "house". From this noun we can make the following words:

• 
  ev: house
  
• 
  evler: houses
  
• 
  evi: his/her house
  
• 
  evleri: his/her houses, their houses
  
• 
  evden: from the house
  
• 
  evlerden: from the houses
  
• 
  evinden: from his/her house
  
• 
  evlerinden: from his/her houses, from their houses
  

(Notice that the possessive morpheme i is regularly followed by n before den.)
The important thing about this example is to notice how the morphemes all represent a "unit of meaning" and how they remain absolutely identifiable within the structure of the words. This is in contrast to what happens in the last class: the inflecting languages.