Recommendations:
●
The necessity of giving a good budget for further experimenting on this system, by
applying the study of the simulator on a real cells and in different locations around
Sudan, in order to take advantage of this study specially in the remote villages for
the purpose of power generation.
●
Finding appropriate solutions that address the impact of dust on solar cells. The
most important problem facing solar energy projects is that solar cells are affected
by atmospheric factors and their performance is reduced by 50% when they are
exposed to dust waves.
●
The emergence of solar applications from university roofs to meet the needs of
society, which corresponds to the future foresight studies conducted by the (World
Energy Agency) that has pointed the possibility of producing most of the world
needed electricity from solar energy over the next 50 years.
●
Further studies needed in the field of solar energy applications in agricultural
projects and lighting houses.
●
Take advantage of the application of the theories used in this system in military
projects that deals with this area.
●
Extra Attention to researches on the development of solar energy systems.
63
REFERENCES:
[1]
Green, Martin A. Solar Cells; “Operating Principles, Technology, and
System Applications”, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982.
[2]
Martin A. Green, Keith Emery, Yoshihiro Hishikawa, Wilhelm Warta and
Ewan D. Dunlop; “Solar cell efficiency tables (version 41), Progress in
Photovoltaics:” Research and Applications; Wiley Online Library,
available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.2352/pdf Date
accessed: 4/2/13.
[3]
S. J. Hamilton, “Sun-tracking solar cell array system,” University of
Queensland Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering,
Bachelors Thesis, 1999.
[4]
Antonio L. Luque; Viacheslav M. Andreev, “Concentrator Photovoltaics.
Springer Verlag”, 2007.
[5]
David Cooke, "Single vs. Dual Axis Solar Tracking", Alternate Energy
eMagazine, April 2011.
[6]
Omer A. M. “Renewable Energy Potential in Sudan. International Energy
Journal, 2(1): 15-35”, 2001
[7]
Goedseels V., Stuyft E. Van Der, Avermaete U., Buis H. and Palz W.
“New Perspectives for Energy Savings in Agriculture, Current Progress in
Solar Technologies”, 1986.
[8]
Campen B. Van, Guidi D. and Best G. “Solar Photovoltaics for
Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development. Environment and
Natural Resources Working Paper No. 2, FAO, Rome”, 2000.
64
[9]
Grothoff J. M. Estimating “the Renewable Energy Potential in Africa.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)”, 2014.
[10]
Sayigh A. “Renewable Energy in the Service of Mankind ”Vol. 2, Selected
Topics from the World Renewable Energy Congress 2014. Springer
International Publishing, Switzerland, 2016.
[11]
C.W. de Silva: “Control Sensors and Actuators”, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, 1989.
[12]
T. Wildi, “Electrical Machine Drives and Power Systems” February 5,
2005.
[13]
D. Austin, “Generate stepper-motor speed profiles in real time”, article in
Embedded Systems Programming’ January 2005.
[14]
“The AVR microcontroller and embedded system” by Muhammad Ali
Mazidi, 2009
[15]
Jacob Fraden, “handbook of Modern sensor” 2
nd
ed”, Air Press, 1996.
A1
APPENDIX A
Software
This appendix is about the code of the Atmega16 microcontroller:
/ **************************************************************
$regfile "m16def.dat"
$crystal = 8000000
Config Lcd = 20 * 2
Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = Portc.3 , Db5 = Portc.4 , Db6 = Portc.5 , Db7 =
Portc.6 , Rs = Portc.2 , E = Portc.1
Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto , Reference = Avcc
Start Adc
Config Portb = Output
Config Portb.4 = Input
Config Portb.5 = Input
Config Portb.6 = Input
Config Portd = Output
Dim X As Integer , I As Integer , W As Word , Z As Word , T As Word
Dim W1 As Word , Z1 As Word , W2 As Word , Z2 As Word
Do
If Pinb.5 = 1 Then Portb = 0
A2
If Pinb.5 = 0 Then Gosub 1
Loop
1:
Cls
Lcd "Searching.."
Do
Portb.i = 1
Waitms 50
Portb.i = 0
I = I + 1
If I > 3 Then I = 0
If Pinb.4 = 1 Then Gosub 2
Loop
2:
Cls
Lcd "Searching..."
Do
Portb.i = 1
Waitms 50
Portb.i = 0
I = I - 1
If I < 0 Then I = 3
If Pinb.5 = 1 Then
Portb.3 = 1
A3
Waitms 50
Portb.3 = 0
Portb.2 = 1
Waitms 50
Gosub 3
End If
Loop
3:
I = 3
For I = 3 To 0 Step -1
Portb.i = 1
Waitms 50
Portb.i = 0
Next I
Portb = 0
Cls
Lcd "H.Position.."
Gosub 4
4:
Do
Portd.i = 1
Waitms 40
Portd.i = 0
A4
I = I - 1
If I < 0 Then I = 3
If Pinb.6 = 1 Then
Waitms 500
Cls
Lcd "Home position"
Wait 2
Gosub 5
End If
Loop
5:
Cls
Do
W = Getadc(0)
Waitms 10
Z = Getadc(1)
Waitms 10
If Z > 800 And W > 800 Then
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "Waiting for SUN"
Else
If Z < 750 And W < 750 Then Gosub 6
End If
Loop
A5
6:
Do
Portb.i = 1
Waitms 50
Portb.i = 0
I = I + 1
If I > 3 Then I = 0
If Pinb.4 = 1 Then
Gosub 7
End If
Loop
7:
For I = 0 To 3
Portd.i = 1
Waitms 40
Portd.i = 0
Next I
Do
W = Getadc(0)
Z = Getadc(1)
'-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
Portd.i = 1
Waitms 40
A6
Portd.i = 0
I = I + 1
If I > 3 Then I = 0
If Pinb.6 = 1 Then
Waitms 500
For I = 3 To 0 Step -1
Portd.i = 1
Waitms 40
Portd.i = 0
Next I
Gosub 71
End If
'-*-*-*--*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
If W < 100 And Z < 100 Then
T = W - Z
If T > 0 And T < 3 Then Gosub H
End If
Loop
71:
Do
A7
W = Getadc(0)
Z = Getadc(1)
'-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
Portd.i = 1
Waitms 40
Portd.i = 0
I = I - 1
If I < 0 Then I = 3
If Pinb.6 = 1 Then
Waitms 500
Gosub 1
End If
'-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
If W < 100 And Z < 100 Then
T = W - Z
If T > 0 And T < 3 Then Gosub H
End If
Loop
'-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
H:
Cls
Do
Portd = 0
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "SUN FOUND.."
Wait 1
A8
Gosub 8
Loop
8:
Do
W = Getadc(2)
Waitms 10
Z = Getadc(3)
Waitms 10
W1 = W - 2
W2 = W + 2
Z1 = Z - 2
Z2 = Z + 2
If Z > 130 And W > 130 Then
If Z < 300 And W < 300 Then
Locate 1 , 1
Waitms 20
Lcd "CLOUDY....!"
Gosub Cloudy
End If
End If
A9
If Z > 500 And W > 500 Then
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "DARKNESS..!"
Wait 1
Gosub 1
End If
If Z > W1 And Z < W2 And Z < 30 Then
If W > Z1 And W < Z2 And W < 30 Then
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "NORMAL...!"
Locate 2 , 1
Lcd "STABLE..."
End If
End If
If W > Z2 And W < 80 Then
Portb.i = 1
Waitms 20
Portb.i = 0
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "Rotating.."
Locate 2 , 1
Lcd "WEST....."
I = I + 1
A10
If I > 3 Then I = 0
End If
If Z > W2 And Z < 80 Then
Portb.i = 1
Waitms 20
Portb.i = 0
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "Rotating.."
Locate 2 , 1
Lcd "EAST....."
I = I - 1
If I < 0 Then I = 3
End If
Loop
Cloudy:
Do
Portb.i = 1
Waitms 50
Portb.i = 0
I = I + 1
If I > 3 Then I = 0
While Pinb.5 = 0
W = Getadc(2)
A11
Waitms 10
Z = Getadc(3)
Waitms 10
If W < 100 And Z < 100 Then Return
Wend
If Pinb.4 = 1 Then Gosub Cloudy2
Loop
Cloudy2:
Do
Portb.i = 1
Waitms 50
Portb.i = 0
I = I - 1
If I < 0 Then I = 3
While Pinb.5 = 1
W = Getadc(2)
Waitms 10
Z = Getadc(3)
Waitms 10
If W < 100 and Z < 100 Then Gosub 8
Wend
Loop
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