Symbolism in herman melvielle’S “moby dick” Outline
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SYMBOLISM IN HERMAN MELVIELLE’S “MOBY DICK” Outline: Introduction Main representation of Romanticism period in America literature. The contribution of Herman Melville in American romanticism. “Moby Dick “ is a masterpiece of Herman Melville. The description of a symbol ‘The White Whale” in “ Moby Dick” The end of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century is a period in the history of literature, as well as art and literature that is distinguished by a certain collection of the same artistic ideas and literary style in Europe and America at that time. moaning themes, images and techniques. Romantic works are characterized by the rejection of rationalism and strict literary rules characteristic of classicism, a literary direction based on romanticism. Romanticism contrasts the strict rules of classicism with the freedom of the writer-creator. The author's individuality, his own inner world is the highest value for romantics. The worldview of romantics is characterized by the so-called duality - the contrast of the ideal with meaningless, boring or harsh reality. The ideal beginning of romanticism can be the creation of imagination, the dream of an artist or the distant past, or a way of life or another world free from the chains of civilization of peoples and people. Sadness, sadness, inescapable sadness, despair - the mood that distinguishes romantic literature. The word "romantic" existed in European languages long before the period of romanticism. This meant, first of all, that it belongs to the novel genre, and secondly, that it belongs to the literature of the romance languages developed in the Middle Ages - Italian, French, Spanish. Thirdly, it was called the most expressive and exciting (magnificent and beautiful) romantic in life and literature. The word "romantic" as a feature of the poetry of the Middle Ages, in many ways different from antiquity, in England T. Wharton's treatise "On the emergence of romantic poetry in Europe" (1774 ) spread after publication. The word "romantic" became the definition of a new era and a new ideal of beauty in European literature in aesthetic treatises and literary-critical articles of the late 1790s. German writers and thinkers. "School of Jena" (named after the city of Jena). The works of the brothers F. and A. Schlegel, Novalis (poetic cycle "Hymns for the Night", 1800; novel "Heinrich von Ofterdingen", 1802), L. Tyeck (comedy "Puss in Boots", 1797; novel) by Franz Sternbald Adventures ", 1798) expressed the characteristics of romanticism, such as orientation to folk poetry and medieval literature, orientation to the connection between literature and philosophy and religion. They have the concept of "romantic irony", which is a high ideal and means irony caused by the discrepancy between reality: romantic irony is outwardly directed at an abstract ideal, but its subject is ordinary, boring or evil reality. In the works of the late romantics: the prose writer E. TA Hoffman ("The Serapion Brothers" a cycle of fantastic stories and fairy tales, 1819–21; the novel "Worldly Views of a Cat" ..., 1819–21, unfinished), poet and prose writer G. Heine (poetic "Book of Songs", 1827; "Germany, Winter fairy tale" poem, 1844; "Travel pictures" prose, 1829-30) - the motif of space dominates between dreams and everyday reality, grotesque styles are widely used, including for satirical purposes. In English literature, romanticism appeared primarily in the works of the so-called poet. "The Lake School" in the poetry of W. Wordsworth, ST Coleridge, R. Southey, PB Shelley and J. Keats. Like the German, English romanticism develops national antiquity, but it is not philosophical or religious. The most famous English romantic in Europe was JG Byron, who created examples of the genre of romantic poetry (Gyaur, 1813; Bride of Abydos, 1813; Lara, 1814). Childe Harold's poem Pilgrimage (1812–21) was a particular success. Byron created lofty images of individualistic heroes who fight against the world, in his poetry there are strong motives of fighting with God and criticism of modern civilization. In prose, the English romantic W. Scott created the genre of the historical novel, Charles R. Maturin - the adventure fantasy novel The Adventure of Melmoth (1820). The term "Romanticism" came into use in England very late, in the 1840s, as a sign of a new literary era. French romanticism was clearly manifested in the novel genre dedicated to selfishness and the "disease of the century" - despair: "Adolf" (1815) B. Constant, Stendhal's novels, "confessions of the son of the century" ( 1836) A . de Musset. French romantics turn to the exotic material of social life, for example, the early O. de Balzac, like J. Jeanin in the novel "The Dead Ass and the Woman with the Guillotine" (1829). The prose of Balzac, V. Hugo, J. Janin, dedicated to the description of strong passions, full of bright contrasts and wonderful images, was called "angry literature". In French drama, romanticism is confirmed in a fierce struggle with classicism (dramas of W. Hugo). In American literature, romanticism is represented by prose: J.F. from the history of North America. Novels written by Cooper, novels and short stories by W. Irving, fantasy and detective stories by E. A. Poe. Lyrical poems and ballads of V. A. Zhukovsky, inspired by Western European romanticism, were the first romantic works in Russia. The influence of J.G. Byron can be felt in the work of A.S. Pushkin, especially in the works of the first half. 1820s (Russian version of Byronic Romantic poem). Romantic features are characteristic of the words and poems of E. A. Baratinsky and other poets. The prose of Russian romanticism is dominated by the so-called. secular, fantastic, philosophical and historical stories (A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, V. F. Odoevsky, N. V. Gogol, etc.). Romantic motives of loneliness M. Yu. Listed in the works of Lermontov. Symbolism of romantic dissonance, discord between man and the natural world, as an unstable combination of two principles: harmony and chaos - motifs of F.I. Tyutchev's poetry. As a literary period, the term "Romanticism" is also used to refer to the artistic style that includes works created after the end of Romanticism. Thus, researchers have attributed many works of 20th century literature to romanticism, for example, A. Green and K.G. They attribute it to Paustovsky's prose. A literary movement such as Symbolism is sometimes considered a variant of Romanticism. Great definition The description is incomplete By reading this article, you will find out who was the representative of romanticism in literature. Representatives of romanticism in literature Romanticism is an ideological and artistic direction that appeared in American and European culture in the late 18th - early 19th centuries as a reaction to the aesthetics of classicism. Romanticism first developed in German poetry and philosophy in the 1790s, and later spread to France, England, and other countries. The main ideas of romanticism are the recognition of the values of spiritual and creative life, the right to freedom and independence. In literature, the heroes have a rebellious strong character, and the plots were distinguished by the intensity of passions. The main representatives of romanticism in Russian literature in the 19th century Russian romanticism united the human personality wrapped in the world of wonderful and mysterious harmony, high emotions and beauty. The representatives of this romanticism did not depict the real world and the main character in their works, full of experiences and thoughts. Representatives of romanticism in England The works are distinguished by dark gothic, religious content, elements of workers' culture, national folklore and peasant class. A characteristic feature of English romanticism is that the authors described in detail trips, trips to distant countries, as well as their research. The most famous authors and works: "Journey of Childe Harold", "Manfred" and "Poems of the East", "Ivanho". Representatives of romanticism in Germany In literature, the development of German romanticism was influenced by the philosophy that promoted individual freedom and individualism. The works are full of reflections on the existence of a person, his soul. They are also distinguished by mythological and fairy tale motifs. The most famous authors and works: fairy tales, short stories and novels, fairy tales, works. Representatives of American romanticism Romanticism developed much later in American literature than in Europe. Literary works are divided into 2 types - orientalists (supporters of the plantation) and abolitionists (those who support the rights of slaves, their emancipation). They are full of strong feelings of struggle for independence, equality and freedom. Representatives of American romanticism - ("The Fall of the House of Usher", ("Lygia"), Washington Irving ("The Ghost Groom", "Legend of the Sleepless Void"), Nathaniel Hawthorne ("The House of Seven Gables"), "The Scarlet Letter"), Fenimore Cooper (The Last of the Mohicans), Harriet Becher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin), (The Legend of Hiwata), Herman Melville (Typhe, Moby Dick) and (The Leaves of Grass). In the period after the Second World War, fiction avoided generalizations: it was distinguished by its great variety and versatility. International literary movements such as European existentialism and Latin American magical realism brought him a new direction, and the rapid development of electronic communications forced him to reckon with a phenomenon like a village the size of Earth. Appearing on TV revived the oral tradition. American prose was increasingly influenced by oral genres, mass media, and popular culture. In the past, elite culture influenced popular culture by its status and example; at present, the opposite picture seems to be observed. Serious writers such as Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Alice Walker, and EL Doctorow have taken a great deal of inspiration in their writings, in one form or another, from comic books, movies, fashion, songwriting, and oral histories. . By this I do not mean at all that the American literature of the last fifty years has been mired in petty topics. In the United States, writers raise serious questions, many of them metaphysical. Prose writers' work shows a high degree of innovative approaches and self-absorption or "reflexivity". Often, modern authors consider the traditional fantastic method ineffective and want to recreate it with more popular material. In other words: in recent decades, American writers have developed a postmodern sensibility. They are no longer satisfied with a modernist reinterpretation of one point of view or another. Renewing the entire context of the vision must take its place. The Legacy of Truth and the End of Forty Years In the artistic prose of the second half of the 20th century, the tendency to reflect the characteristics of each decade in its first half was preserved. In the late 1940s, the effects of World War II were still being felt, but the Cold War had already begun. The Second World War created great material for literary creation. It was used by two of the best prose writers - Norman Mailer ("The Naked and the Dead", 1948) and James Jones ("Now and Forever", 1951). They both wrote in a realistic manner bordering on strict naturalism; both tried to avoid war. The same can be said of Irwin Shaw, who wrote The Young Lions (1948). Hermann Wouk, in his "Rebellion against Caine" (1951), showed that human weakness is no less evident in times of war than in times of peace. Joseph Holler later satirized the war, presenting it to the reader in an absurd way (Catch-22, 1961). He suggests that war is madness. Using a sophisticated literary technique, Thomas Pynchon perfected his plan, parodying and subverting different versions of reality ("Gravity's Rainbow", 1973), and Kurt Vonnegut Jr., after the publication of his novel "The Fifth Butchery" or Children's Crusade "(1969) became one of the well-known representatives of counterculture in the early 70s. This anti-war work describes the bombing of the German city of Dresden by the Allies during the Second World War. The author himself, who was in a German military camp at the time, witnessed this bombing. has been The 1940s saw the emergence of a galaxy of remarkable writers, including poet, novelist, and essayist Robert Penn Warren, playwrights Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams, and short story writers Catherine Ann Porter and Eudora Welty. Except for Miller, all of them were from the South, devoted their work to the study of the fate of the individual in the family or society, and all focused on the balance between the development of the human personality and its responsibilities. a certain group of people. Robert Penn Warren (1905-1989) Robert Penn Warren, one of the Southerners who rallied around Fugitive Magazine, achieved literary success for much of the 20th century. Throughout his life, he was interested in the formation of democratic values in the process of historical development. His most famous work, which has stood the test of time, is the novel "All the King's Men" (1946). In it, using the somewhat veiled career of a senator from one of the southern states - the colorful and evil Hay Long, it shows the dark side of the American dream. Arthur Miller (born 1915) New York-born playwright, novelist, essayist and biographer Arthur Miller achieved personal success in 1949 with Death of a Salesman, a man's search for his place in life and the conclusion that their efforts are futile. came to an end. The play takes place in the Lomen family, where the father is at odds with his son and the wife with her husband. The work, as if in a mirror, reflects the literary trends of the forties - a rich combination of realistic styles with the addition of naturalism, careful depiction of characters, completeness of images and the value of a person, despite all his mistakes and failures. "Death of a Salesman" is a poignant hymn to the common man who, in the words of Willy Loman's widow, "needs attention." At the same time, this intelligent and sad play is the story of a dream that did not come true. One of the characters in the play says sarcastically: "A salesman can't fantasize, kid. That's part of his job." Death of a Salesman, which played a very important role in Miller's work, is one of a number of dramatic works that he wrote over several decades, such as the drama "My Sons" (1947) and the famous drama "Destiny" (1953 G). . .). Both the above works are political in nature. The action of one of them takes place today, the second - during the colonial period. In the first, the hero is an industrialist who, during the Second World War, deliberately supplied defective parts to aircraft manufacturers, which led to the death of his son and other people. Tribal Trial depicts the 19th-century trials in Salem, Massachusetts, where Puritan settlers were unjustly executed for witchcraft. Despite the fact that a "witch hunt" whose victims are innocent people is completely unacceptable in a democratic society, the mood of this play corresponded to the time when it was performed on the stage of the theater - the early fifties. , when the anti-Communist crusade of US Senator Joseph McCarthy and a number of other leaders destroyed the lives of innocent people. Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) Williams, from Tennessee, Mississippi, was one of the most complex figures in mid-20th-century American literature. His work is mainly devoted to the confusion of emotions and suppression of sexuality in the family, in most cases the family of the South. Williams' works are characterized by the magic of endless repetition, the poetic style of expressing feelings and thoughts, the unusual environment in which the actions take place, and the Freudian exploration of sexual desire. One of the first American writers to openly admit his homosexual orientation, Williams explained that the emphasized sexuality of his fantasy characters was an expression of their loneliness. The characters in these playwright's dramas lead tense mental lives and go through severe mental anguish. Williams has written more than 20 multi-act plays, most of them autobiographical. He reached the peak of his work relatively early - in the forties - in dramatic works such as "The Glass Menagerie" (1944) and "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1947), and for more than a few years, success and creative wealth didn't have. the two plays mentioned above. Catherine Ann Porter (1890-1980) Catherine Ann Porter's long life and career spanned several eras. The first success was brought to him by the story "Judas tree blossomed" (1929), which took place in Mexico during the revolution. The brilliantly written stories for which Porter is famous provide a sensitive description of a person's personal life. For example, in the story "How Grandma Waterroll was deceived", the author very clearly expresses the most diverse view of the human psyche. Often, Porter reveals the inner world of women and shows their dependence on men. Porter learned a lot about nuance and nuance from New Zealand-born author Katherine Mansfield. Catherine Ann Porter's collection of stories includes the following publications: "The Judas Tree Bloomed" (1930), "Day Wine" (1937), "Pale Horse, Pale Rider" (1939), "Falling Tower". "(1944) and A Collection of Stories (1965). In the early sixties, he wrote a long allegorical novel about one of the eternal themes - the responsibility of people to each other. This novel, which Porter called "Ship of Fools" (1962) It takes place in the late thirties on a passenger ship with representatives of the upper classes of Germany and German refugees. Although not a prolific writer, Porter nonetheless influenced a generation of authors, including fellow Southerners Eudorow Welty and Flannery O'Connor. Eudora Welty (born 1909) Eudora Welty, born to a northern family in the South, was influenced in her work by Warren and Porter. Incidentally, the latter wrote the foreword to Welty's first collection of stories. In "The Green Curtain" (1941), rich in nuances and shadows, the writer imitates Porter, but the young author is more interested in the comic and the grotesque. Like the late Flannery O'Connor, she often portrays strange, eccentric, or unusual characters. Despite the presence of violence in Welty's works, the writer's intelligence is humane, life-affirming, for example, in his short story "Why I Work at the Post Office", which is often included in the Anthology of United States Literature. He is stubborn and independent. daughter leaves home and moves to a small post office.Welty's following collections of stories were published: The Internet (1943), The Golden Apple (1949), The Bride of Innisfolle (1955), and Moon Lake ( 1980).Welty also wrote novels such as A Delta Engagement (1946) and The Optimist's Daughter (1972), which tell the story of a family living on a plantation today. Fifty years: Abundance leading to the division of society In the 50s, the impact of the process of modernization and technological development on everyday life was determined. This process began in the twenties, but was interrupted by the Great Depression and continued when World War II pulled the United States out of it. The 1950s brought the long-awaited period of material prosperity for most Americans. The good life was assured (usually for suburbanites) with specific and symbolic attributes of success in houses, cars, televisions, and household appliances. However, the dominant theme in literature became the loneliness of the upper classes of society; In Sloane Wilson's novel The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1955), a faceless company employee became the personification of a certain cultural stratum. Sociologist David Riesman, in his book The Lonely Crowd (1950), tried to explain the common phenomenon of American life, such as the alienation of Americans from society. This book was followed by other popular works of a more or less scientific nature, The Secret Means of Persuasion (1957) and The Man in the Organization (1956) from Vance Packard's Quest for Position in Society.) William White. intellectual high "White Collar" (1951) and "Ruling Elite" (1956) by C. Wright Mills. Economist and university professor John Kenneth Galbraith wrote The Social Society (1958) exploring this topic. Most of these writings suggest that all Americans live the same way of life. The research was general in character, criticizing US citizens for the loss of individualism and excessive conformity of early immigrants (e.g., Riesman and Mills), or advising Americans to be representatives of a "new class" created by technological progress, and abundance of free time (as Galbraith in his writings).) In fact, the fifties were decades of thinly diffused stress. In the novels of John O'Hara, John Cheever and John Updike, it is shown that stress is hidden under the mask of prosperity. The characters of some of the best works are people who have failed to achieve success. Similar characters can be found in the work. "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller " and Saul Bellow's stories "Seize a Moment" (1956), some writers went further and described those who deliberately put themselves outside society. This line of creativity was chosen by JD Salinger. "The Catcher in the Rye" (1951), Ralph Ellison in The Invisible Man (1952) and Jack Kerouac in On the Road (1957) At the end of the decade, Philip Roth appeared with a series of stories that reflected his breakup. of his Jewish heritage (Goodbye, Columbus, 1959). The writer's psychological reflections nourished his work until the nineties, first providing food for fiction, and then for autobiography. In the 1950s and beyond, the fiction of Bellow, Bernard Malamud, and Isaac Bashevis Singer, among other Jewish American writers, made remarkable and worthy contributions to the history of American literature. The works of the three authors mentioned above are distinguished, first of all, by their emphasis on humor, ethics and morals, and by describing the Jewish communities of the Old and New Worlds. John O'Hara (1905-1970) High School Journalist John O "Hara is a prolific writer. He has penned many dramas, short stories and novels. He is a master of detailing, individually written and expressive." Hara is "mostly" about people of the fifties, outwardly successful, but experiencing a sense of guilt or dissatisfaction in their hearts, which weakens them. Such novels include Appointment in Samarra (1934), North Frederick 10 (1955), and A View from the Terrace (1958). James Baldwin (1924-1987) The works of James Baldwin and Ralph Ellison reflect the African American experience in the 1950s. The heroes of their works do not suffer from excessive ambition, but from a lack of individuality. The eldest of nine children born to a Harlem family, Baldwin was the adopted son of a clergyman. In his youth, he himself occasionally preached in the church. This experience contributed to the formation of such qualities as brightness and "readability" in the writer's prose, which was clearly manifested in his wonderful essays such as "Letter from the Land of My Thoughts" (1963) from the collection "Tomorrow Fire". ). In this influential essay, Baldwin opposes the division of race. Baldwin's first autobiographical novel, Go Broadcast From the Mountains (1953), is perhaps the most famous. It's about a 14-year-old boy trying to identify himself and gain religious faith while dealing with the painful issues of conversion to Christianity in a church on the first floor of a department store. Baldwin's other notable works include In Another Country (1962), a novel about racial homophobia and homosexuality, and Nobody Knows My Name (1961), a collection of impassioned essays about racism and the assignment of creativity and literature. Ralph Waldo Ellison (1914-1994) Ralph Ellison was born in Midwest, Oklahoma. He studied at the Tuskegee Institute in the southern United States. Ellison's writing career is one of the most unusual in American literature, thanks to the fact that his only novel was popular with his readers and received high praise from critics. It is called "The Invisible Man" (1952) and is the story of a black American who voluntarily chooses a dark dungeon as his place of residence, lit by electricity stolen from a utility company. The book tells about the fantasy experiences of the hero, who is disappointed in life. When an all-black college gives the novel's hero a scholarship, he is scorned by the whites; After attending college, he is convinced that the black president of this educational institution does not care about the concerns of black Americans. Life outside of college is also immoral. Even religion does not bring comfort: the preacher turns out to be a criminal. The novel accuses society of failing to provide its citizens - both white and black - with ideals and institutions capable of realizing them. This work shows the full depth of the racial problem, because the "invisible man" did not become so by himself, but because other people, blinded by prejudices, could not distinguish the man in him. Flannery O'Connor (1925-1964) Lupus ended Georgia native "Flannery O" Connor's life early. But this deadly disease did not make the writer sentimental, which is confirmed by his full sense of humor, but at the same time tough and uncompromising stories. Unlike Porter, Welty and Hurston, O "Connor, as a rule, does not identify himself with his characters, but looks at them from the outside, showing their inferiority and stupidity. The superstitions and religious fanaticism of the southern illiterates who "live" in the writer's novels often leading to violence, as depicted in O'Connor's Wise Blood (1952), which tells the story of a religious fanatic who founds his own church. . Sometimes the violence is caused by the supernatural, for example in "Transplanted Face", ignorant villagers kill an immigrant who interferes with their work and unusual behavior. Cruelty often overtakes the characters, as in the story "Kind Little People", a man seduces a girl only to steal her prosthetic leg. American romanticism Unlike Europe, it was all focused on the future, optimism. At the same time, he was distinguished by an irrevocable longing for sadness from thinking about the eternal cycle of life. Belief in a better future and prosperity of America united most romantics with the dark side of life. Prominent representatives of romanticism in literature were the poet Henry Longfellow and the writer Fenimore Cooper, so unlike each other. Henry Longfellow (1807-1882) is a classic of American literature. His work is an important event in American poetry of the 19th century. Unlike most famous poets and writers, Longfellow enjoyed fame during his lifetime. After his death, mourning was announced not only in the United States, but also in England. His best work was the poem "The Song of Hiawatha". It became one of the most famous works of world literature. The song is based on Indian traditions and legends. In it, Longfeld sings about Hiawatha, the national hero of India, a legendary sage who preached peace among the tribes and taught the people agriculture and writing. The poem is an amazingly impressive description of nature and folk legends, imbued with a spirit of light sadness. It refers to the relationship between people, the harmony between nature and man. The Indian theme is reflected in five novels by Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851), which are united by a common hero - hunter and ranger Nattie Bumpo: Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans, Praira, Pathfinder, St. John's Milk. The novels take place in the 18th century. During the war between England and France in America. F. Cooper bitterly describes the inhuman slaughter of Indian tribes and the destruction of a unique culture. The meeting of two civilizations turned into a tragedy. The honest and brave Natty Bumpo and his faithful friend, the Indian chief Chingachgook, also exposed the world to a world of purchase and profit. Several talented works emerged from the abolitionist movement. The most important of these was Uncle Tom's Cabinet (1852), written by Harriet Beher Stowe (1811 - 1896). The book was a success for the older reader. He raised the truth about the horrors of slavery in the southern United States. Contemporaries say that he played a greater role in the struggle for the abolition of slavery than hundreds of propaganda pamphlets or rallies. Uncle Tom's Cabinet has been staged in many theaters across the United States. In Boston, the play ran for 100 days in a row, and in New York, only one theater ran for 160 days. Uncle Tom's Cabinet is one of the most popular books in world literature because of its fascinating content, the living conditions of the slaves, and the truthful description of the customs of the slave-owning planters. It is still read with interest. The poet Wall Whitman (1819-1892) appeared during the democratic upsurge of the 1950s, when the United States was shaken by the conflict between the North and the South and the civil war began in the country. An ordinary journalist, he published "Leaves of Grass" in 1855, which became a great American poet and brought him world fame. This unique book of the poet was not like all those written before him. An incredible flight of creativity, the "Whitman's Riddle" people are trying to solve without success. Whitman called himself the prophet of democracy. He glorified America to the point of oblivion - its hardworking people. He sang the movement of the luminaries and every atom, every grain of the universe. Looking at the people, he singled out a single person, bent over the grass and saw a blade of grass - a blade of grass. He loved life furiously, rejoicing in its every growth, merging with the elements of the world around him. The poet's images of "grass" and "I" are inseparable: "I bequeath myself to the dirty soil, let mine grow favorite grass, If you want to see me again, look for me in your place under the diapers. " Whitman created his own, authentic Whitman style. His invention is free verse. The poet described the rhythm of the free verse "Leaves of Grass" as follows: "This verse is like the waves of the sea: they roll in and recede - bright and calm on a clear day, scary in a storm." Unlike the Romantic poets, Whitman's poetic speech is surprisingly human and spontaneous: "If you want to talk, he's the first person you meet Why don't you talk to me Why don't I start a conversation with you? " Whitman praised not only the beauty of man and the beauty of the nature of his country. He praised railroads, factories, and automobiles. "... Oh, we will build a building The most beautiful of the Egyptian tombs, More beautiful than the temples of Ella and Rome, We will build your temple, O holy industry ... " Well, America's great poet was not sensitive. Drunk in dreams and enjoying the world, he did not see the danger to man and humanity arising from the powerful step of modern industry. First warnings Among American writers of the first half of the 19th century. There were many who criticized the negative aspects of American reality. "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity" collided with life. In the words of one of the romantics, it was dominated by the "mighty dollar". While Whitman praised America, Herman Mel-Will had many bitter words about it in his famous novel "Moby Dick" or "The White Whale". Bourgeois civilization, as he believes, brings evil and death to people. Melville condemned racism, colonialism and slavery. He predicted the American Civil War years before it began. Another famous American writer, Henry Thoreau, sharply criticized bourgeois civilization. He promoted the simplification of man, his harmonious relationship with nature. Here is his famous description of the railroad: "Every sleeper is a man who is Irish or Yankee. On top of them, these people have rails laid ... and the cars are rolling smoothly. The sleepers wake up sometime and get up. they can stand, "Tore predicted. American realism The second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century, the greatest American realist writers. Mark Twain, F. Brett Garth, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser were. Mark Twain (1835-1910) subjected his main enemies - the "monarchy of money" and religion to cruel criticism and ridicule. Because of this, some of his books were out of print in the US for a long time. The best works of Mark Twain - "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" are devoted to the life of ordinary people in America. Bret Hart (1836-1902) has a special place in American literature... He is famous for his stories and stories from the life of gold miners in California. They firmly and masterfully grasp the enslaving power of gold. Garth's works were accepted in Europe as a new word in American literature. At the end of the 19th century. The short story has taken a prominent place in American literature. O "Henry showed himself as a skilled master of stories, light and cheerful novels. The stories of Jack London (1876-1916), the greatest writer of the early 20th century, gained fame. For them, a new and unfamiliar world was described. Americans - brave and brave people, the gold miners of the north, the world of romance and adventure. Jack London's best works are "Love of Life", "Mexican" stories, "White Fang" and "Martin Eden" novels. In the story ""White Plague" - a vision of the destruction of bourgeois civilization . The other side of the economic prosperity of the United States is depicted in a large volume in the novels of the leading American writer Theodore Dreiser (1871 -1945)... "The Financier", "The Titan" and "The Stoic" trilogy come to a bitter conclusion about the futility of accumulation and acquisition. "superman" tells the story of a financier. One of the best works of the writer is the novel "American Tragedy". Painting
The heart of the Andes. Frederick Church (1826-1900). In the 1850s. Visited South America, after which he became famous in the United States for his bright and impressive images of exotic landscapes Mother and Child, 1890. American M. Cassatt became the first woman recognized among the Impressionists. Pictures on the theme of motherhood are simple, expressive and full of warmth Only after the Civil War did American artists stop feeling like unsavory disciples. Their works are becoming more and more "American". The most famous American artists of the 19th century. there were representatives of the romantic direction: Cole, Darend and Bingham. Sargent, a portrait painter, was very popular. However, Winslow Homer is considered the quintessential American artist of the century. Light Breeze, 1878. W. Homer (1836-1910). This painting was considered the greatest achievement of the artist. Children's themes were popular in the second half of the 19th century, as in the days of Huckleberry Finn. Edward Boyce's Daughters, 1882. J. Sargent (1856-1925). Born in Italy to a wealthy American family. He spent his entire life in Europe, occasionally visiting the United States. The virtuoso created secular portraits The Metropolitan Museum in the 19th century. Began to collect works of European painting in the United States. Wealthy Americans traveled to Europe and bought art treasures there. In 1870, a group of public figures and artists founded the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the largest art collection in the United States. Today, about 3 million works of world art are stored here. The Metropolitan Museum is one of the largest art museums in the world, such as the Hermitage and Tretyakov Gallery in Russia, the Louvre in Paris or the British Museum in London. Architecture American architecture was as eclectic as Europe. Elements of the styles known to you - Gothic, Rococo and Classicism - were closely related here. In the second half of the 19th century. Americans made a great contribution to the development of world architecture. They participated in the creation of iron structures for large industrial and office buildings. It all started with a sad incident. In 1871, the city of Chicago was almost completely destroyed by a great fire. The whole city had to be restored, which gave rise to various ideas. A series of architects led by Louis Sullivan designed the skeleton of a commercial skyscraper based on a steel frame filled with stone and cement. In the 1880s. first in Chicago, and then in other cities, the first skyscrapers that became a symbol of American industrial power appeared. Books:
This is the colonial period, the rule of puritanical ideals, patriarchal pious morality. Theological interests prevailed in literature. The collection "Bay Psalm Book" () was published; poems and poems were written at different times, mainly in a patriotic character (Anna Bradstreet's "Tenth ice that has appeared in America lately", N. Bacon's death elegy, W. Wood, J. Norton, Poems of Urian").Ok, national songs "Lovewells. Fight", "Bradoec men song" and others). The prose literature of that period was mainly devoted to describing the history of travel and the development of colonial life. The most famous theological writers were Hooker, Cotton, Roger Williams, Bayles, J. Wise, Jonathan Edwards. At the end of the 18th century, the movement for the liberation of black people began. Supporters of this movement in the literature are J. Woolmans, author of "Some Reflections on the Preservation of Negroes" () and Ant. Benezet, author of Warning to Great Britain and Her Colonies Against Enslaved Negroes. The transition to the next era is the work of B. Franklin - "The Way to Prosperity" (eng.). Road to wealth), "Speech of Father Abraham" and others; he founded Poor Richard's almanac (eng.) Poor rich man's almanack). The second period of North American literature before 1790 covers the revolutionary period and is marked by the development of journalism and political literature. Major Political Authors: Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, J. Matheson, Alexander Hamilton, J. Stray, Thomas Paine. Historians: Thomas Hutchinson, pro-British, Jeremiah Belknap, Dove. Ramsay and William Henry Dryton, revolutionaries; then J. Marshall, Rob. Prode, Abiel Holmes. Theologians and moralists: Samuel Hopkins, William White, J. Murray. 19th century The third period covers all North American literature of the 19th century. The preparatory period was the first quarter of a century in which the prosaic style developed. " Sketch-book Washington Irving () created the basis for half-philosophical, half-publicist literature, sometimes humorous, then instructive and moral essays. Here, the national characteristics of Americans, especially their practicality, utilitarian ethics, and the irony of the English, g His simple, cheerful humor, which is very different from Amgin's humor, is vividly reflected. Edgar Allan Poe (-) and Wall Whitman (-) stand out from the rest. Edgar Allan Poe is a poet of deep mysticism, a lover of everything elegant and mysterious, and at the same time a great virtuoso of poetry. He is not American at all; it lacks American alertness and efficiency. A sharp individual mark was left in his work. Wall Whitman is a symbol of American democracy. His " Leaves of Grass"(English. Leaves of Grass) glorify freedom and strength, joy and fullness of life. His free verse revolutionized modern versification. In American prose literature, novelists and essayists are in the first place - then Washington Irving, Oliver Holmes, Ralph Emerson, James Lowell. The novelists reflect the energetic, adventurous nature of both former settlers who lived in conditions of danger and hard work, as well as the more modern, more cultured Yankees. Emigrants played a major role in twentieth-century American literature: the scandal that led to "Lolita" is hard to overestimate; American Jewish literature, often humor: a very popular place: Singer, Bellow, Roth, Malamud, Allen; one of the most famous black writers was Baldwin; recently the Greek Evgenides and the Chinese Amy Tan have become famous. The five most important Chinese-American women writers are: Edith Maud Eaton, Diana Chang, Maxine Hong Kingston, Amy Tan, and Gish Jen. Chinese-American literature Louis Chu, author of the satirical novel Eat a Cup of Tea (1961). ), and playwrights Frank Chin and David Henry Hwan. In 1976, Saul Bellow was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The works of Italian-American authors (Mario Puzo, John Fante, Don DeLillo) are achieving great success. Openness has increased not only in the national-religious sphere: the famous poetess Elizabeth Bishop did not hide her love for women; other writers include Capote and Cunningham. J. Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye" occupies a special place in the literature of the 1950s. This work, published in 1951, became a cult (especially among young people). In the American drama of the 1950s, the plays of A. Miller and T. Williams stand out. In the 60s, the plays of E. Albee ("Accident in the Zoo", "The Death of Bessie Smith", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "Everything in the Garden") became popular. In the second half of the 20th century, a number of novels by Mitchell Wilson on the subject of science ("Live with Lightning", "My Brother, My Enemy") were published. These books were widely distributed (especially in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s). The diversity of American literature never allows one movement to completely supplant the others; After the beatniks of the 50s and 60s (J. Kerouac, L. Ferlinghetti, G. Corso, A. Ginsberg), the most noticeable trend was and continues to be postmodernism (for example, Paul Auster, Thomas Pynchon). postmodernist writer Don DeLillo (b. 1936). One of the famous researchers of 20th century American literature, translator and literary critic A.M. Zverev (1939-2003). Science fiction and horror literature flourished in the United States, and fantasy flourished in the second half of the 20th century. The first wave of American SF, which included Edgar Rice Burroughs, Murray Leyster, Edmond Hamilton, was mainly entertainment and created the space opera subgenre. By the mid-20th century, more sophisticated science fiction had come to dominate the United States. World famous American science fiction writers include Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein, Frank Herbert, Isaac Asimov, Andre Norton, Clifford Simak. In the United States, a science fiction subgenre like cyberpunk was born (Philip K. Dick, William Gibson, Bruce Sterling). In the 21st century, America remains one of the main centers of fiction thanks to authors such as Dan Simmons, Lois Bujold, David Weber, Scott Westerfeld and others. Most of the famous horror authors of the 20th century are American. Howard Lovecraft was the creator of the classics of horror literature of the first half of the century - the legends of Khulxu. In the second half of the century, Stephen King and Dean Koontz worked in the United States. American fantasy began in the 1930s with Conan author Robert Howard and was later developed by authors such as Roger Zelazny, Paul William Anderson, and Ursula Le Guin. One of the most famous fantasy authors of the 21st century is American George R. Martin, creator of Game of Thrones. Literary genres American fiction American detective American short story American novel Yüklə 41,57 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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