The properties of the words as the basic units of the language

3What is the difference between historical lexicology and descriptive lexicology?
.Every Special Lexicology is based on the principles of General Lexicology.
Special Lexicology is further subdivided into Diachronic/Historical and
Synchronic/Descriptive. Historical Lexicology deals with the evolution of any
vocabulary, the origin of words, their change and development. The subject matter of
Descriptive Lexicology is the vocabulary of a particular language at a given stage of
its development. It studies mainly the structure and specific functions of words.
4.Synchrony and diachrony are two complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis. A synchronic approach (from Ancient Greek: συν- "together" and χρόνος "time") considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, often the present. In contrast, a diachronic (from δια- "through" and χρόνος "time") approach, as in historical linguistics, considers the development and evolution of a language through history.[1]

For example, the study of Middle English—when the subject is temporally limited to a sufficiently homogenous form—is synchronic focusing on understanding how a given stage in the history of English functions as a whole. The diachronic approach, by contrast, studies language change by comparing the different stages. The terms synchrony and diachrony are often associated with historical linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who considered the synchronic perspective as systematic but argued that language change is too unpredictable to be considered a system.

5.Types of lexicology.
There are two principle approaches in linguistic science to the study of language
material: synchronic and diachronic. With regard to Special lexicology the
synchronic approach is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a
given time. It's Special Descriptive lexicology that deals with the vocabulary and
vocabulary units of a particular language at a certain time.
The diachronic approach in terms of Special lexicology deals with the changes
and the development of vocabulary in the course of time. It is Special Historical
lexicology that deals with the evaluation of the vocabulary units of a language as the
time goes by.
The two approaches shouldn't be set one against the other. In fact, they are
interconnected and interrelated because every linguistic structure and system exists in
a state of constant development, so that the synchronic state of a language system is a
result of a long process of linguistic evaluation, of its historical development. Closely
connected with the Historical lexicology is Contrastive and Comparative lexicology
whose aims are to study the correlation between the vocabularies of two or more
languages and find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units of the
languages under comparison.Saussure distinguishes between synchronic (static) linguistics and diachronic (evolutionary) linguistics. Synchronic linguistics is the study of language at a particular point in time. Diachronic linguistics is the study of the history or evolution of language.
According to Saussure, diachronic change originates in the social activity of speech. Changes occur in individual patterns of speaking before becoming more widely accepted as a part of language. Speaking is an activity which involves oral and auditory communication between individuals. Language is the set of rules by which individuals are able to understand each other.
Saussure says that nothing enters written language without having been tested in spoken language. Language is changed by the rearranging and reinterpreting of its units. A unit is a segment of the spoken chain that corresponds to a particular concept. Saussure explains that the units of language can have a synchronic or diachronic arrangement.
6Main types of dictionaries
.Dictionaries are first of all divided into
two according to their purpose and purpose: 1) general dictionaries; 2)
special dictionaries General dictionaries are intended for a wide range of
students, and special dictionaries are for a narrow range of people - specialists in a particular field. Both types of dictionaries are further
subdivided into two types: - encyclopedic dictionaries; - Philological
dictionaries. T. Linguistic dictionaries are monolingual and multilingual. Spelling
dictionary for monolingual dictionaries (helps to spell words correctly), chapped (reverse) dictionary (words are placed in alphabetical order by the
last letter), orthoepic dictionary (so helps to pronounce words correctly), morpheme dictionary (helps to separate words into stems and suffixes), dictionary of assimilated words (for words from foreign languages)
phrasebook (dictionary of phrases), terminological dictionary (explanations
of terms in a particular field of science e), frequency dictionaries (level of
use of words in certain works) provides information about), a dictionary of
paroxysms (provides information about pronunciation words available in
the language). Philological dictionaries contain information about words. There are different types of philological dictionaries. Most people are
familiar with bilingual dictionaries: we can use them when learning a
foreign language while translating text from one language to another. Monolingual dictionaries are especially unique: if information on the correct
spelling of a word is available in orthographic dictionaries, orthoepic
dictionaries on the correct pronunciation of a word may not be available. provides information. Classification of dictionaries in English. Due to the
fact that English is an international language, special attention is paid to
dictionaries and memorization. For this reason, the classification of
dictionaries is interpreted differently by scholars. Below we give you a
classification of the most universal and accepted dictionaries of English
linguistics by most scholars: I. According to the scope of dictionaries: a)
General - includes words (even names of places, people) that express all
the concepts and events in the language; b) Specialized - only the
classification of words related to a particular field, direction is given; II. According to both purpose and meaning: a) Encyclopedic - represents
almost all concepts and situations in the world; b) Linguistic - describes
words in a particular language. Linguistic dictionaries are divided into 3
main types according to their function: 1. Explanatory - a linguistic
dictionary that explains the meaning of words; 2. Translational - a
dictionary in which the meaning of words is translated from one language
to another; 3. Special - a dictionary that gives an explanation of words,the languages of explanations: a) Monolingual; b) Two languages
(Bilingual); c) Multilingual. IV. According to the order: a) Alphabetical - words are given in alphabetical order in sequence; The French writer
Anatole Franz described the dictionary as "an alphabetically structured
entity." b) Thematic - a dictionary based on the content (theme) of the
sequence of words. V. Period / According to the Time: a) Diachronic - a
dictionary of historical words; b) Synchronic / Descriptive - a description
and interpretation of modern words