The properties of the words as the basic units of the language

31)Vinogradov’s classification of phraseological units ( combinations, fusions, unities)?
In the modern linguistic environment, there are several approaches to the classification of
phraseological units. V.V. Vinogradov was one of the first to present the classification of
phraseological turns of the Russian language in terms of degreethe semantic cohesion of their
components and the motivation of the meaning of phraseological units. This classification is based
on a semantic criterion: the degree of semantic cohesion of the components and the nature of the
motivation of the meaning of the phraseological unit as a whole.
V.V.Vinogradov identifies the following types of phraseological units: 1) phraseological
adhesions; 2) phraseological unity; 3) phraseological combinations.
Phraseological adhesions are a type of word combinations with the highest degree of semantic
cohesion of components and lack of motivation values.
The non-motivation of the meaning of phraseological adhesions can be supported by the presence
in their composition of lexical and grammatical archaisms [1;22].
Phraseological unity is a type of stable word combinations that have a figurative motivated
meaning of an expressive-evaluative type of meanings.
The motivation of the meanings of phraseological unity is based on various types of transfer
(metaphor, metonymy, comparison), therefore this type of word combinations is distinguished by
semantic duality, i.e. the figurative meaning of phraseological unity is motivated by the
connection with the free homonymous combination of words, on the basis of which it is formed
[1;24].
Phraseological combinations are a type of word combinations that have a two-term structure and
have the least degree of semantic soldering of components. As part of this type of phraseological
units, their constituent components to a greater extent retain their verbal quality [2]. One of the
components has a phraseologically related meaning, the other has a free one. Analyzing the
semantic properties of the studied phraseological units, we took as a basis the classification
proposed by V.V. Vinogradov.
32.Specific features of English proverbs and sayings.