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Approche multi-proxy (Thorium-234, Baryum en excès) des flux d'export et de
reminéralisation du carbone et des éléments nutritifs associés à la pompe biologique
océanique.
Résumé : L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les différents facteurs
contrôlant la pompe biologique de carbone en Atlantique Nord et dans l’Océan Austral, à proximité
des îles Kerguelen, en utilisant notamment deux approches: le Thorium-234 (
234
Th) et le baryum
biogénique (Ba
xs
).
En Atlantique Nord, les flux d’export de carbone organique particulaire (POC) augmentent
lorsqu’ils sont associés à des minéraux biogéniques (silice biogénique et carbonate de calcium) et
lithogènes, capable de lester les particules. L’efficacité d’export, généralement plus faible que
précédemment supposé (< 10%), est inversement corrélée à la production, soulignant un décalage
temporel entre production et export. La plus forte efficacité de transfert, i.e. la fraction de POC
atteignant 400m, est reliée à des particules lestées par du carbonate de calcium ou des minéraux
lithogènes.
Les flux de reminéralisation mésopélagique sont similaires ou parfois supérieurs aux flux d’exports
et dépendent de l’intensité du développement phytoplanctonique, de la structure en taille, des
communautés phytoplanctoniques et des processus physiques (advection verticale).
Comme observé pour le POC, l’export des éléments traces est influencé par les particules
lithogènes provenant des marges océaniques, mais aussi des différentes espèces
phytoplanctoniques.
Dans l’Océan Austral, la zone à proximité de l’île de Kerguelen est naturellement fertilisée en fer,
augmentant les flux d’export de fer, d’azote et de silice biogénique. Il a été démontré que la
variabilité des flux dépendait des communautés phytoplanctoniques dans la zone fertilisée.
Mots clés : pompe biologique océanique, export, reminéralisation, carbone, éléments traces, silice
biogénique, carbonate de calcium.
Multi-proxy approach (Thorium-234, excess Barium) of export and remineralization fluxes of
carbon and biogenic elements associated with the oceanic biological pump
Abstract : The main objective of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the different
controls that affect the oceanic biological carbon pump. Particulate export and remineralization
fluxes were investigated using the thorium-234 (
234
Th) and biogenic barium (Ba
xs
) proxies.
In the North Atlantic, the highest particulate organic carbon (POC) export fluxes were associated to
biogenic (biogenic silica or calcium carbonate) and lithogenic minerals, ballasting the particles.
Export efficiency was generally low (< 10%) and inversely related to primary production,
highlighting a phase lag between production and export. The highest transfer efficiencies, i.e. the
fraction of POC that reached 400m, were driven by sinking particles ballasted by calcite or
lithogenic minerals.
The regional variation of mesopelagic remineralization was attributed to changes in bloom
intensity, phytoplankton cell size, community structure and physical forcing (downwelling). Carbon
remineralization balanced, or even exceeded, POC export, highlighting the impact of mesopelagic
remineralization on the biological pump with a near-zero, deep carbon sequestration for spring
2014.
Export of trace metals appeared strongly influenced by lithogenic material advected from the
margins. However, at open ocean stations not influenced by lithogenic matter, trace metal export
rather depended on phytoplankton activity and biomass.
A last part of this work focused on export of biogenic silica, particulate nitrogen and iron near the
Kerguelen Island. This area is characterized by a natural iron-fertilization that increases export
fluxes. Inside the fertilized area, flux variability is related to phytoplankton community composition.
Key words : oceanic biological pump, export, remineralization, carbon, trace elements, biogenic
silica, calcium carbonate
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