Universiteti xabarnomasi

Literature review. 
Degree of study of the problem Analysis of the 
category "institutional environment", "institution", forms of its 
development and influence on economic processes on a 
macroeconomic scale is presented in the works of scientists of 
institutional and neo-institutional direction: T. Veblen, J. Commons, D. 
North, J. Hodgson, and others. Russian scientists are also engaged in the 
study of both theoretical issues of institutional analysis and problems of 
development of the institutional structure of the Russian economy. 
Among them are the works of A. Auzan, E. Balatsky, V. Zotov, O. 
Inshakov, G. Kleiner, Y. Kuzminov, R. Nureyev, A. Oleinik, V. Presnyakov, 
V. Polterovich, V. Radaev, V. Rosental, V. Tambovtsev, A. Shastitko, E. 
Yasin and others. 
1
 
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/smefinance 
Research methodology.
The theoretical and methodological
 
basis 
of the study is a systematic approach to the study of socio-economic 
phenomena and processes, the key provisions of the works of domestic 
and foreign scientists in the field of entrepreneurial activity, regulation 
of the economy, entrepreneurship support.
 
Research results and discussion.
Within the framework of 
institutionalism there exists a theory of institutional changes, which 
focuses on describing, explaining and forecasting changes in 
institutions, as well as on developing scientific and practical 
recommendations as regards the desired (required or necessary) 
transformations therein. The scientific apparatus of this theory can also 
be used to investigate the nature and nature of changes in the system 
of small business institutions. 
According to this theory, the changes taking place in institutions 
mean the process of modifying the rules and enforcement mechanism 
in order to reduce the value of transaction costs.
All the structural elements of an institution are subject to change, 
which are: 
a) the rules for the economic agent (A) who has to follow the rule; 
b) the rules for the guarantor (G), who must ensure that they are 
followed and apply sanctions if they are not, according to Figure 1. 
From this figure it follows that changes in institutions take place in 
relation to:
the algorithm for implementing the rules I1; 
the contingent of agents - A to which rule I1 applies; 
either rules I2; 
or the contingent of guarantors -G.
If we take, for example, the rules of transportation of goods 
through customs posts as institution (I), then the first variant of changes 
concerns the procedure of document processing by entrepreneurs (A). 
An example of the second option of change would be to impose 
different requirements on entrepreneurs that would lead to a change in 
their composition. A third option is to expand or reduce the functional 
responsibilities of customs administration staff (G), and a fourth option 
is to transfer authority for certain procedures (customs transport 
control or declaration clearance) to another auxiliary body.
2
Data from the Statistical Agency under the President of Uzbekistan 
https://stat.uz/ru/default/ezhekvartal-nye-doklady/21517-2022#tab-4