54
ISO, International Organization for Standardization (1997). Soil quality -
Biological methods - Determination of nitrogen mineralization and
nitrification in soils and the influence of chemicals on these processes.
ISO 14238. Geneve, Switzerland.
ISO, International Organization for Standardization (2005). Soil quality -
Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora - Part 2: Effects of
chemicals on the emergence and growth of higher plants. ISO 11269-2.
Geneve, Switzerland.
Kaplan, D.I., Adriano, D.C., Carlson, C.L. & Sajwan, K.S. (1990a). Vanadium -
toxicity and accumulation by beans. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 49(1-
2), pp. 81-91.
Kaplan, D.I., Sajwan, K.S., Adriano, D.C. & Gettier, S. (1990b). Phytoavailability
and toxicity of beryllium and vanadium. Water Air and Soil Pollution,
53(3-4), pp. 203-212.
Kelly, S.D., Hesterberg, D. & Ravel, B. (2008). Analysis of soils and minerals
using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In: Ulery, A.L. & Drees, R. (eds)
Methods of Soil Analysis - Part 5. Mineralogical methods. Soil Science
Society of America, pp. 387-464.
Komarova, T.V., Obrezkov, O.N. & Shpigun, O.A. (1991). Ion chromatographic
behavior of anionic EDTA complexes of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V).
Analytica Chimica Acta, 254(1-2), pp. 61-63.
Liang, C.N. & Tabatabai, M.A. (1977). Effects of trace-elements on nitrogen
mineralization in soils. Environmental Pollution, 12(2), pp. 141-147.
Liang, C.N. & Tabatabai, M.A. (1978). Effects of trace elements on nitrification in
soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 7(2), pp. 291-293.
Lu, X.Q., Johnson, W.D. & Hook, J. (1998). Reaction of vanadate with aquatic
humic substances: An ESR and V-51 NMR study. Environmental Science
& Technology, 32(15), pp. 2257-2263.
Mandiwana, K.L., Panichev, N. & Molatlhegi, R. (2005). The leaching of V(V)
with PO
4
3-
in the speciation analysis of soil. Analytica Chimica Acta,
545(2), pp. 239-243.
Mansour, A.N., Smith, P.H., Baker, W.M., Balasubramanian, M. & McBreen, J.
(2002). In situ XAS investigation of the oxidation state and local structure
of vanadium in discharged and charged V2O5 aerogel cathodes.
Electrochimica Acta, 47(19), pp. 3151-3161.
Martin, H.W. & Kaplan, D.I. (1998). Temporal changes in cadmium, thallium, and
vanadium mobility in soil and phytoavailability under field conditions.
Water Air and Soil Pollution, 101(1-4), pp. 399-410.
Merckx, R., Brans, K. & Smolders, E. (2001). Decomposition of dissolved organic
carbon after soil drying and rewetting as an indicator of metal toxicity in
soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 33(2), pp. 235-240.
Mikkonen, A. & Tummavuori, J. (1994a). Desorption of phosphate from 3 Finnish
mineral soil samples during adsorption of vanadate, molybdate and
tungstate. Agricultural Science in Finland, 3(5), pp. 481-486.
55
Mikkonen, A. & Tummavuori, J. (1994b). Retention of vanadium (V) by three
Finnish mineral soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 45(3), pp. 361-
368.
Molina, M., Aburto, F., Calderon, R., Cazanga, M. & Escudey, M. (2009). Trace
element composition of selected fertilizers used in Chile: Phosphorus
fertilizers as a source of long-term soil contamination. Soil & Sediment
Contamination, 18(4), pp. 497-511.
Morrell, B., Lepp, N. & Phipps, D. (1986). Vanadium uptake by higher plants:
Some recent developments. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,
8(1), pp. 14-18.
Mosser, C., Boudeulle, M., Weber, F. & Pacquet, A. (1996). Ferriferous and
vanadiferous kaolinites from the hydrothermal alteration halo of the Cigar
Lake uranium deposit (Canada). Clay Minerals, 31(3), pp. 291-299.
Motz, H. & Geiseler, J. (2001). Products of steel slags an opportunity to save
natural resources. Waste Management, 21(3), pp. 285-293.
Naeem, A., Westerhoff, P. & Mustafa, S. (2007). Vanadium removal by metal
(hydr)oxide adsorbents. Water Research, 41(7), pp. 1596-1602.
Nehrenheim, E. & Gustafsson, J.P. (2008). Kinetic sorption modelling of Cu, Ni,
Zn, Pb and Cr ions to pine bark and blast furnace slag by using batch
experiments. Bioresource Technology, 99(6), pp. 1571-1577.
OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2000). Test
No. 217: Soil Microorganisms: Carbon Transformation Test. OECD
Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.
Ona-Nguema, G., Morin, G., Juillot, F., Calas, G. & Brown, G.E. (2005). EXAFS
analysis of arsenite adsorption onto two-line ferrihydrite, hematite,
goethite, and lepidocrocite. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(23),
pp. 9147-9155.
Pacyna, J.M. & Pacyna, E.G. (2001). An assessment of global and regional
emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources
worldwide. Environmental Reviews, 9(4), pp. 269-298.
Peacock, C.L. & Sherman, D.M. (2004). Vanadium(V) adsorption onto goethite
(alpha-FeOOH) at pH 1.5 to 12: A surface complexation model based on
ab initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 68(8), pp. 1723-1733.
Peacock, C.L. & Sherman, D.M. (2004). Copper(II) sorption onto goethite,
hematite, and lepidocrocite: A surface complexation model based on ab
initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 68(12), pp. 2623-2637.
Perlin, D.S. & Spanswick, R.M. (1981). Characterization of ATPase Activity
Associated with Corn Leaf Plasma Membranes. Plant Physiology, 68(3),
pp. 521-526.
Poledniok, J. & Buhl, F. (2003). Speciation of vanadium in soil. Talanta, 59(1), pp.
1-8.
56
Prietzel, J., Thieme, J. & Paterson, D. (2010). Phosphorus speciation of forest-soil
organic surface layers using P K-edge XANES spectroscopy. Journal of
Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 173(6), pp. 805-807.
Proctor, D.M., Fehling, K.A., Shay, E.C., Wittenborn, J.L., Green, J.J., Avent, C.,
Bigham, R.D., Connolly, M., Lee, B., Shepker, T.O. & Zak, M.A. (2000).
Physical and chemical characteristics of blast furnace, basic oxygen
furnace, and electric arc furnace steel industry slags. Environmental
Science & Technology, 34(8), pp. 1576-1582.
Pyrzynska, K. & Wierzbicki, T. (2004a). Determination of vanadium species in
environmental samples. Talanta, 64(4), pp. 823-829.
Pyrzynska, K. & Wierzbicki, T. (2004b). Solid-phase extraction for
preconcentration and separation of vanadium species in natural waters.
Microchimica Acta, 147(1-2), pp. 59-64.
Ravel, B. & Newville, M. (2005). ATHENA, ARTEMIS, HEPHAESTUS: data
analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. Journal of
Synchrotron Radiation, 12, pp. 537-541.
Rossignol, C. & Ouvrard, G. (2001). General behavior upon cycling of LiNiVO4
as battery electrode. Journal of Power Sources, 97–98(0), pp. 491-493.
Ruyters, S., Mertens, J., Vassilieva, E., Dehandschutter, B., Poffijn, A. &
Smolders, E. (2011). The red mud accident in Ajka (Hungary): Plant
toxicity and trace metal bioavailability in red mud contaminated soil.
Environmental Science & Technology, 45(4), pp. 1616-1622.
Scheinost, A.C., Abend, S., Pandya, K.I. & Sparks, D.L. (2001). Kinetic controls
on Cu and Pb sorption by ferrihydrite. Environmental Science &
Technology, 35(6), pp. 1090-1096.
Schosseler, P.M. & Gehring, A.U. (1996). Transition metals in Llano vermiculite
samples: An EPR study. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44(4), pp. 470-478.
Schwertmann, U. & Cornell, R.M. (2000). Iron oxides in the laboratory:
preparation and characterization, 2
nd
edition, Weinheim: Wiley -VCH
Verlag GmbH.
Seargeant, L.E. & Stinson, R.A. (1979). Inhibition of human alkaline phosphatases
by vanadate. Biochem. J., 181(1), pp. 247-250.
Shen, H. & Forssberg, E. (2003). An overview of recovery of metals from slags.
Waste Management, 23(10), pp. 933-949.
Smith, P.G., Boutin, C. & Knopper, L. (2013). Vanadium Pentoxide Phytotoxicity:
Effects of Species Selection and Nutrient Concentration. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64(1), pp. 87-96.
Smolders, E., Oorts, K., van Sprang, P., Schoeters, I., Janssen, C.R., McGrath, S.P.
& McLaughlin, M.J. (2009). Toxicity of trace metals in soil as affected by
soil type and aging after contamination: using calibrated bioavailability
models to set ecological soil standards. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, 28(8), pp. 1633-1642.
Soldi, T., Pesavento, M. & Alberti, G. (1996). Separation of vanadium(V) and -
(IV) by sorption on an iminodiacetic chelating resin. Analytica Chimica
Acta, 323(1-3), pp. 27-37.
57
Su, T.Z., Guan, X.H., Gu, G.W. & Wang, J.M. (2008). Adsorption characteristics
of As(V), Se(IV), and V(V) onto activated alumina: Effects of pH, surface
loading, and ionic strength. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,
326(2), pp. 347-353.
Sutton, S.R., Karner, J., Papike, J., Delaney, J.S., Shearer, C., Newville, M., Eng,
P., Rivers, M. & Dyar, M.D. (2005). Vanadium K edge XANES of
synthetic and natural basaltic glasses and application to microscale
oxygen barometry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(9), pp. 2333-
2348.
Swedlund, P.J. & Webster, J.G. (1999). Adsorption and polymerisation of silicic
acid on ferrihydrite, and its effect on arsenic adsorption. Water Research,
33(16), pp. 3413-3422.
Teng, Y.G., Yang, J., Wang, J.S. & Song, L.T. (2011). Bioavailability of vanadium
extracted by EDTA, HCl, HOAC, and NaNO
3
in topsoil in the Panzhihua
urban park, located in southwest China. Biological Trace Element
Research, 144(1-3), pp. 1394-1404.
Thompson, A., Attwood, D., Gullikson, E., Howells, M., Kim, K.-J., Kirz, J.,
Kortright, J., Lindau, I., Liu, Y., Pianetta, P., Robinson, A., Scofield, J.,
Underwood, J., Williams, G. & Winick, H. (2009). X-ray Data Booklet.
Berkely, California 94720: Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory,
University of California.
Tiberg, C., Sjostedt, C., Persson, I. & Gustafsson, J.P. (2013). Phosphate effects on
copper(II) and lead(II) sorption to ferrihydrite. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 120, pp. 140-157.
Tyler, G. (1976). Influence of vanadium on soil phosphatase-activity. Journal of
Environmental Quality, 5(2), pp. 216-217.
Tyler, G. (2004). Vertical distribution of major, minor, and rare elements in a
Haplic Podzol. Geoderma, 119(3–4), pp. 277-290.
Urdaneta, C., Parra, L.M.M., Matute, S., Garaboto, M.A., Barros, H. & Vazquez,
C. (2008). Evaluation of vermicompost as bioadsorbent substrate of Pb,
Ni, V and Cr for waste waters remediation using total reflection X-ray
fluorescence. Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, 63(12),
pp. 1455-1460.
Wang, D. & Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S.A. (2008). Development of an analytical
protocol for the determination of V (IV) and V (V) in seawater:
Application to coastal environments. Marine Chemistry, 112(1-2), pp. 72-
80.
Wang, J.F. & Liu, Z. (1999). Effect of vanadium on the growth of soybean
seedlings. Plant and Soil, 216(1-2), pp. 47-51.
Wanty, R.B. & Goldhaber, M.B. (1992). Thermodynamics and kinetics of
reactions involving vanadium in natural systems: Accumulation of
vanadium in sedimentary rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
56(4), pp. 1471-1483.
58
Wehrli, B. & Stumm, W. (1989). Vanadyl in natural waters: Adsorption and
hydrolysis promote oxygenation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
53(1), pp. 69-77.
Wilke, B.M. (1989). Long-term effects of different inorganic pollutants on nitrogen
transformations in a sandy cambisol. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 7(3),
pp. 254-258.
Wong, J., Lytle, F.W., Messmer, R.P. & Maylotte, D.H. (1984). K-edge absorption
spectra of selected vanadium compounds. Physical Review B, 30(10), pp.
5596-5610.
Wällstedt, T., Bjorkvald, L. & Gustafsson, J.P. (2010). Increasing concentrations
of arsenic and vanadium in (southern) Swedish streams. Applied
Geochemistry, 25(8), pp. 1162-1175.
Yang, J., Teng, Y.G., Wang, J.S. & Li, J. (2011). Vanadium uptake by alfalfa
grown in V-Cd-contaminated soil by pot experiment. Biological Trace
Element Research, 142(3), pp. 787-795.
59
Acknowledgements
This PhD project was funded by LKAB, Merox,
Ruukki and
Vanitec, for which
I am very grateful. The synchrotron radiation sources, SSRL (Stanford, USA)
and MAX-Lab (Lund, Sweden), are also gratefully acknowledged for
providing beam time.
The first person that I would like to thank is my main supervisor Jon Petter
Gustafsson for his support during these years. I am very grateful for his
knowledge, patience and unerring ability to keep me on the right track.
Great thanks to my co-supervisors: Erik Smolders, for welcoming me to his
lab in Leuven and sharing his broad knowledge within ecotoxicity; Ingrid
Öborn, for valuable comments, discussions and encouragement when most
needed; and Dan Berggren Kleja, for critical discussions and support.
Thanks also to my co-authors and co-workers; Ingmar Persson, for his
enthusiasm and for happily sharing his knowledge of XAS; Stijn Baken, for
working together with me on the toxicity experiments and for helping me settle
down in Leuven; and Francesco Cubadda, Marilena D’Amato and Andrea
Raggi at Istituto Superiore di Sanità for agreeing to cooperate and for taking
care of me in Rome.
The data presented in this work would not have been processed without the
help of laboratory staff at the Department of Soil and Environment, SLU and at
KU Leuven. A special thank you to Lena Ek and Mirsada Kulenovic. I would
also like to express my sincere gratitude to Bengt Nihlgård and Anders
Jonshagen for helping me with soil sampling and background information on
the Ringamåla field trial.
Thanks to Anna Mårtensson and Johan Arvidsson for commenting on this
thesis and Mary McAfee for language editing.
I would also like to acknowledge my fellow PhD students during these
years, I have had a great time! A special thank you to Carin, Lotta, Anki,
Carina, Veera, Martin, Stefan and Jian.
60
My colleagues at the Department of Soil and Environment, I have really
appreciated the scientific discussions and the friendly working environment.
Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge my colleagues at KU Leuven for
nice chats and Friday visits to the pub.
Till sist, min älskade familj: Far, Mina, Alma, Viktor, Jabil, Esther och
Eva; ”La famiglia italiana”, Nonna Rina, Patrizia e Riccardo; Francesco, ti
voglio bene! Och min dotter Anna, för att du är så härlig precis som du är.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |