Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Department of Electrical Engineering

Acceleration sensors 
Good for measuring frequencies up to 40% of its natural 
frequency 
High sensitivity, compact, and rugged 
Very high natural frequency (100 kHz typical) 
Strain gauge 
Dynamometers/load cells 
Piezoelectric load cells 
Tactile sensor 
Tactile sensor 
Force, torque, and pressure sensor 
Good for both static and dynamic measurements 
They are also available as micro- and Nano-sensors 
Good for high precision dynamic force measurements 
Compact, has wide dynamic range, and high 
Good for small force measurements 
Pitot tube 
Orifice plate 
Flow nozzle, venturi tubes 
Rotameter 
Flow sensors 
Widely used as a flow rate sensor to determine speed in 
aircrafts 
Least expensive with limited range 
Accurate on wide range of flow 
More complex and expensive 
Good for upstream flow measurements 

---

49 
Ultrasonic type 
Turbine flow meter 
Electromagnetic flow meter 
Used in conjunction with variable inductance sensor 
Good for very high flow rates 
Can be used for both upstream and downstream flow 
measurements 
Not suited for fluids containing abrasive particles 
Relationship between flow rate and angular velocity is linear 
Least intrusive as it is noncontact type 
Can be used with fluids that are corrosive, contaminated, etc. 
The fluid has to be electrically conductive 
Thermocouples 
Thermistors 
Thermodiodes, thermos transistors 
RTD—resistance temperature detector 
Infrared type 
Infrared thermography 
Temperature sensors 
This is the cheapest and the most versatile sensor 
Applicable over wide temperature ranges (-200∞C to 1200∞C 
typical) 
Very high sensitivity in medium ranges (up to 100∞C typical) 
Compact but nonlinear in nature 
Ideally suited for chip temperature measurements 
Minimized self-heating 
More stable over a long period of time compared to 
thermocouple 
Linear over a wide range 
Noncontact point sensor with resolution limited by wavelength 
Measures whole-field temperature distribution