AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASININ TƏHSİL NAZİRLİYİ
AZƏRBAYCAN MUSİQİ KONSERVATORİYASI
MUSİQİ TARİXİ VƏ MUSİQİ NƏZƏRİYYƏSİ FAKÜLTƏSİ
Musiqi müəllimliyi ixtisası əyani şöbə
I kurs
1543-cü qrup tələbəsi
Şirinzadə Qumru Yaşar qızının
İngilis dili fənni üzrə
“Gabala city”
mövzusunda
FƏRDİ İŞ
Rəhbər: _____________________
BAKI - 2021
2
Azərbaycan Respublikası Azərbaycan dilinin himayətçisidir
Qabala (Gabala; Azerbaijani) is a city and the administrative centre of the
Qabala District of Azerbaijan. The municipality consists of the city of Gabala and
the village of Küsnat. Before the city was known as Kutkashen, but after the
Republic of Azerbaijan's independence the town was renamed in honour of the much
older city of Gabala, the former capital of Caucasian Albania, the archaeological site
of which is about 20 km southwest.
Antiquity.
Gabala is the ancient capital of Caucasian Albania. Archaeological
evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of Caucasian Albania as
early as the 4th century BC. Up to the present time, there are the ruins of the ancient
city and the main gate of Caucasian Albania. Ongoing excavations near the village
Chukhur show that Gabala from the 4th – 3rd centuries BC and up to the 18th century
was one of the main cities with developed trade and crafts. The ruins of the ancient
town are situated 15 km from the regional centre, allocated on the territory
between Garachay and Jourluchay rivers. Gabala was located in the middle of the
2,500-year-old Silk Road, and was mentioned by Pliny the Younger as "Kabalaka",
Greek geographer Ptolemy as "Khabala", Arabic historian Ahmad ibn Yahya al-
Baladhuri as "Khazar". In the 19th century, the Azerbaijani historian Abbasgulu
Bakikhanov mentioned in his book Gulistani Irem that Kbala or Khabala were in
fact Gabala.
In the 60s BC, Roman troops attacked Caucasian Albania but did not succeed
in capturing the Qabala territory. In 262 AD, Caucasian Albania was occupied by
the Sassanid Empire, but preserved its political and economic status. In 464, it lost
its independence due to years of invasions from the northern nomadic tribes and had
to move its capital city to Partava (currently Barda in Azerbaijan).
Feudel era.
Gabala was occupied by Shirvanshah Fariburz, King David IV of
Georgia in 1120, Mongol khan Timurleng in 1386, Safavid shah Tahmasib I in
1538, Persian Nader Shah in 1734 but was able to preserve its culture and identity.
After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, the region split into independent khanates
and sultanates and Gabala became a Qutqashen Sultanate. It was also called Gabala
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Mahali. After what is today referred to as The Republic of Azerbaijan was annexed
from the Persian Empire, under the Qamar dynasty, by the Russian Empire in 1813
through the consequences of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and the resulting
Treaty of Gulistan of 1813, it conducted administrative reforms and in 1841 the
khanates of this region were terminated and the territories were incorporated
into governorates. Gabala area was added to Nukha uyezd of Elisabethpol
Governorate. Due to archaeological finds in Gabala, it was declared a National State
Reserve in 1985.
Republic era.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Gabala embarked on
a process of restructuring on a scale unseen in its history. Thousands of buildings
from the Soviet period were demolished to make way for a green belt on its shores;
parks and gardens were built on the land reclaimed by filling up the foothill of
Gabala. Improvements were made in the general cleaning, maintenance, and garbage
collection, and these services are now at Western European standards. The city is
growing dynamically and developing at full speed on a north axis along the shores
of the Caspian Sea.
As of the 2010s, Gabala is emerging as a magnet for events, such as the
summit of Turkic Council in 2013. In 2013, the city was declared the Cultural
Capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States, in recognition of its long
contribution to the history of Azerbaijan and the region.
Geography.
The geographical position and mountainous relief of the city
greatly influenced on formation of complex climate conditions in the vertical
droughty area, as well as on density of river network and richness of soil-vegetation
cover. Relief and humid climate conditions of Gabala region led to formation of a
thick river network in the area. The rivers of the city refer to the left branches
of Kura basin and run directly into Kura or the rivers of the Shirvan zone.
Economy.
The city is rich with chestnut and hazelnut trees. Flora and Fauna
of the district is rich. Deer and mountain tours, wild boar, hare, bears, wolves, foxes
and numerous birds – pheasant, grouse, francolin, etc. can be found in the woods.
These features attract hunters.
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The economy of Gabala is partially agricultural, partially tourist based, with
some manufacturing industries, mainly for food preserves, tobacco and silkworm
cocoon drying. The city's main manufacturing companies are involved in
engineering, construction, brewing and distilling and food manufacturing. There is
also "Beltmann" piano factory, whose piano-maker is Hans Leferink - the grandson
of Johann Beltmann who, in 1901, founded a similar business in the Kingdom of the
Netherlands. Various factories operate in the district, such as juice factory and nut
factory.
Qabala is a tourist destination due to the combination of its spring climate,
mountainous landscape, and diverse fauna. There are many world-class hotels and
resorts, most part of the Qafqaz chain. Natural climatic conditions of the region
create opportunities for the development of both summer and winter tourism in the
region. The northern side of Qabala belongs to the southern slopes of the Greater
Caucasus mountain range, the central part to Alazan-Haftaran valley, the southern
part to Ajinohur upland. Furthermore, the highest mountain peak of the republic-
Mount Bazarduzu (4466 meters) is situated in this region.
Also located in Qabala is Yeddi Gozel Waterfall. The name means 'seven
beauties' due to the seven stages of the falls but also reflecting a classic Nizami
Ganjavi story. The waterfall, situated in woodlands west of Vandam, is climbed by
thousands of people each year - the lower levels being accessible by stairways.
The city contains "Qabaland" amusement park, an ice skating rink and a
Greek-style theatre, built especially for outside concerts. GQbala also has several
shopping malls.
Qabala is home to the Tufandag Ski Complex, rated the best ski resort in
Azerbaijan and one of the foremost in the Caucasus. The complex serves up to 3,000
people a day.
Culture.
Since 2009, city has been home of Gabala International Music Festi-
val, which included performances from classical and jazz performers such as Al
Jarreau and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
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Gabala also boasts many museums such as Historical Ethnography Museum
of Gabala and Gabala Cultural Centre, most notably featuring Folk Theatre named
after Jalil Mammadguluzadeh
Qabala is known for the ruins of an ancient walled city, Chukhur Gabala,
dating back to the 4th century BC. The city has a large war memorial, numerous
ancient stone houses and the Rashidbek monument, which is shaped like a huge
book.
Another landmark is the large Qabala Radar station, on the southern horizon
as seen from Gabala, is one of only two Daryal-type missile early warning stations
in the former USSR.
Qabala has large sections of greenery either preserved by the National
Government or designated as green zones. The city includes "Qabaland", which is
the largest amusement park in Azerbaijan.
The city has one professional football team competing in the top-flight of
Azerbaijani football – Gabala, currently playing in the Azerbaijan Premier League.
The team was managed by former England and Arsenal player Tony Adams in 2010
- 2011 season. The clubs holds its home games in the Gabala City Stadium. The
Qabala Horse Racing Complex is used for horse-racing tournaments. As of 2013,
there is Qabala Shooting Club functions in the city.
The district has rich cuisine as other Azerbaijani regions. Popular local dishes
include Qabala plov (rice), Dolma with nut, Dovga, Uchgulag and types of chigirtma
(chicken chigirtma, eggplant chigirtma, chigirtma plov, fresh green beans
chigirtma etc.
Qabala is linked by regular bus and minibus to Baku, and less frequently to
other regional centres. Within the city there are three numbered minibus routes
running once or twice an hour.
Qabala Airport is around 20 km south of the city. There are twice weekly
flights to Baku and international connections to Dubai and Russia.
There are 4 primary schools, 4 secondary schools and 4 special schools in the
town.
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Qabala Central Regional Hospital is the largest hospital in the city, Qabala
Children's Hospital and Qabala Treatment and Diagnostic Center, which specialises
in rehabilitation and long-term illnesses and conditions.
During the USSR period, "Galibiyyat" newspaper was published in Qabala.
Currently, a group of young people created Gabalacity.net website which
gives information about Qabala aiming to develop the tourism potential of the
district.
Today "Qabala" newspaper is being published in the region which was first
published on 15 October 1933 as "Bolshevik Mubarizi". Qabala Region Executive
Power manages the publication of "Gabala" newspaper and “Gabala TV” Youtube
Channel.
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