|
Herbert Spencer Lecture a rational approach to education: integrating behavioral, cognitive, and brain science
|
tarix | 29.09.2018 | ölçüsü | 2,78 Mb. | | #71505 |
|
A rational approach to education: integrating behavioral, cognitive, and brain science
Metabolic Brain Images
Oddity with Trial Unique Objects
Open Field Navigation Task
Learning an Open Field Navigation Task
Development of Expert/Novice Knowledge (Means & Voss 1985)
Imaging Number Processing: An early study
Triple Code Model of Number Processing
What kinds of evidence support the model? Evidence derives from four kinds of studies: Numerical competence of normal and gifted adults Animal studies of sensitivity to numerical parameters Neuropsychological studies of brain-lesioned patients
Examples of Supporting Evidence Adult performance on single-digit operations (2 + 3, 4 x 7) - Response time to solve such problem shows the problem size effect and tie effect
- Calculation time correlates with the product of the operands or square of their sum except for ties ( 2 + 2, 4 x 4) which show constant RT
- These patterns are explained by duration and difficulty of memory retrieval from a stored lexicon.
Children’s performance on single-digit addition - RT for younger children is proportional to the sum
- RT for older children is proportional to the smaller addend
- Younger children use the count-all strategy, while older children use the count-on from larger addend strategy.
Pigeons and rats can be taught to discriminate two “numerosities” - Discrimination is easier when the distance between the two numerosities is larger
- Animals, like humans, manifest a “distance effect” when making numerical comparisons.
- Thus, animals, like humans, use an analogue representation in making numerical comparisons.
Neuropsychological Inference Task Reading number words aloud Responding to verbally to questions of numerical knowledge Comparing orally presented and spelled out number words Comparing Arabic numerals Making proximity judgments of Arabic numerals Reading a thermometer Solving multiplication problems
Experimental Design for Brain Mapping Study of Number Processing
Number Tasks: Activated Brain Areas
Shaywitz et al. 1998, 2002
Evidence of Training Studies Numeracy - Numeracy requires integrating three representations of number
- Learning problems arise from inadequate integration of these representations
- Training studies show learning problems remediable when representations and their integration are taught explicitly (Resnick, Case & Griffin)
Linking Number Words to Magnitudes Learning first formal arithmetic
Kindergartner’s Performance on Number Knowledge Test (% Correct)
Mean Scores (s.d) on Number Knowledge Test Pre- and Post Number Worlds Instruction
Linking Number Words with Visual Arabic Numerals Learning Arabic algorithms for multi-digit computation
Arithmetic Bugs Smaller from larger: 930 - 653 433 Borrow from zero: 602 - 437 265 Borrow across zero: 602 - 327 225
The Problem of Pre-existing Representations
Understanding Fractions
The Promise of Pre-existing Representations Teachers’ misrepresentations and teaching algebra
Dostları ilə paylaş: |
|
|