LANDAU’S NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Mats Larsson
Department of Physics, Stockholm University
Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2013 Member of the Nobel Committee for Physics
OUTLINE
Description of the Nobel Prize procedure
Landau’s Nobel Prize (with some discussions
about Pyotr Kapitsa)
"The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following
way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund,
the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those
who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on
mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be
apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most
important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person
who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one
part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the
domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced
in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one
part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity
between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the
holding and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry
shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiology or
medical works by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the
Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five
persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in
awarding the prizes no consideration be given to the nationality of the candidates,
but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or
not."
[my underlining]
NOBEL FOUNDATION
A private institution established in 1900
based on the will of Alfred Nobel. The
Foundation manages the assets made
available through the will for the awarding
of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry,
Physiology or Medicine, Literature and
Peace.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
Prize-Awarding Institution:
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
By the terms of Alfred Nobel's will the Nobel Prizes in
Physics and Chemistry have been awarded by the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences since 1901.
The Nobel Committees at the Academy are
responsible for the selection of candidates among the
nominees. When the committees have made their
selection among the nominated candidates and
presented their recommendation to the Academy, a
vote is taken for the final choice of Laureates.
The Academy's decisions are announced immediately
after the vote in early October each year.
The 2013 Nobel Committee for Physics
NOMINATIONS AND SELECTIONS OF PHYSICS LAUREATES
Nomination to the Nobel Prize in Physics is by
invitation only. The names of the nominees and other
information about the nominations cannot be revealed
until 50 years later.
The
Nobel Committee for Physics
sends confidential
forms to persons who are competent and qualified to
nominate.
A person who is not nominated a particular year
cannot be considered for the prize that year. A prize
cannot be awarded posthumous (after death)
1.
Swedish and foreign members of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences;
2.
Members of the Nobel Committee for Physics;
3.
Nobel Laureates in Physics;
4.
Permanent and assistant professors in the sciences of Physics at the
universities and institutes of technology of Sweden, Denmark, Finland,
Iceland and Norway, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm;
5.
Holders of corresponding chairs in at least six universities or university
colleges selected by the Academy of Sciences with a view to ensuring
the appropriate distribution over the different countries and their seats
of learning; and
6.
Other scientists from whom the Academy may see fit to invite
proposals.
Who can nominate
September – Nomination forms are sent
out. The Nobel Committee sends out
confidential forms to around 3,000
people
February – Deadline for submission. The
completed nomination forms must reach
the Nobel Committee no later than 31
January of the following year. The
Committee screens the nominations and
selects the preliminary candidates.
About 250–350 names are nominated
as several nominators often submit the
same name.
Procedure
March-May – Consultation with
experts. The Nobel Committee
sends the names of the
preliminary candidates to
specially appointed experts for
their assessment of the
candidates' work.
June-August – Writing of the
report. The Nobel Committee puts
together the report with
recommendations to be
submitted to the Academy. The
report is signed by all members of
the Committee.
September – Committee submits
recommendations. The Nobel
Committee submits its report with
recommendations on the final
candidates to the members of the
Academy. The report is discussed
at two meetings of the Physics
Class of the Academy.
October – Nobel Laureates are
chosen. In early October, the
Academy selects the Nobel
Laureates in Physics through a
majority vote. The decision is final
and without appeal. The names of
the Nobel Laureates are then
announced.
December – Nobel Laureates
receive their prize. The Nobel
Prize Award Ceremony takes
place on 10 December in
Stockholm, where the Nobel
Laureates receive their Nobel
Prize, which consists of a Nobel
Medal and Diploma, and a
document confirming the prize
amount.
EXAMPLE OF A PRIZE FOR DISCOVERY
1935
James Chadwick
”for the discovery of the neutron”
EXAMPLE OF A PRIZE FOR INVENTION
1960
Donald Arthur Glaser
”for the invention of the
bubble chamber”
SHARED PRIZE
2010
Andrei Geim
Konstantin Novosëlov
” for groundbreaking experiments
regarding the two-dimensional material
graphene”
DIVIDED PRIZE, 1978
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
“for his basic inventions and discoveries in the
area of low-temperature physics"
Arno Allan Penzias and Robert
Woodrow Wilson
"for their discovery of cosmic
microwave background radiation"
THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1962
Lev Landau, 1908-1968
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful for access to the Nobel Archive, the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences
Letters of nominations, scientific evaluations of various
candidates, and minutes are open to members of the
Academy and historians of science
I acknowledge Alexander Balatsky, NORDITA in
Stockholm, and with PhD in physics from the Landau
Institute for Theoretical Physics, for valuable
discussions
NOMINATIONS OF LANDAU ALONE
1954, R.E. Marshak, University of Rochester, USA:
second sound in liquid helium (Journal of Physics of the
USSR, 5, 81 (1941))
”In my opinion Landau is the leading Russian physicist
and has made many important contributions to
theoretical physics of which the above is probably the
most outstanding”
EVALUATION OF LANDAU 1954 BY
OSKAR KLEIN, MEMBER OF THE NOBEL COMMITTEE
Klein discusses only the HeII theory
Klein concludes that there are some
uncleared items with the HeII problem, and
Landau cannot presently be awarded the
Nobel Prize
1958
Landau nominated by Wolfgang Pauli:
”I would like to propose for the award of the
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 Prof. L. Landau
(Moscow) for his investigations in the field of
the theory of the superfluid state of He”
(Pauli died December 15, 1958)
1959
Landau is nominated by Werner Heisenberg:
Quantum theory of diamagnetism, superfluid helium,
quantum field theory
”aber das Gesamtwerk scheint mir so beteudend, dass
man Verleihung des Nobelpreises an ihn jeder Weise
rechtfertigen kan”
”but his complete works seem to me so important that
Nobel Prize award to him can be justified in every way”
1960
Landau is again nominated by Werner
Heisenberg
NOMINATIONS OF PYOTR KAPITSA
1946, nomination by Paul Dirac
1947, nominations by Wolfgang Pauli, Niels
Bohr, Theodor Svedberg, William Watson
1948, nominations by Niels Bohr, Theodor
Svedberg
1950, nomination by Paul Dirac
Additional 18 nominations until 1960
NOMINATION OF KAPITSA AND LANDAU
1956, nomination by Niels Bohr
1957, nominations by Lev A. Artsimovich,
Mikhail A. Leontovich
1958, nominations by Lev A. Artsimovich,
Mikhail A. Leontovich
1960, nomination by Niels Bohr
OTHER COMBINATION
1960, nomination by M. Lunc, Warsaw:
Shared prize between Landau and Nikolay N.
Bogolyobov
1962
Landau suffers a severe car accident on
January 7.
January 10. Nomination by Werner Heisenberg
January 26. Nomination by John R. Pellam,
CalTech
NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1958
Па́ вел Алексе́ евич Черенко́ вИлья́ Миха́ йлович Франк И́ горь Евге́ ньевич Тамм
NOTE:
Richard Feynman obtained seven nominations in 1962,
of which four came from CalTech. John Pellam was not
one of them
Nobel Prize in Physics 1965
NOMINATION BY NIELS BOHR
Written together with Aage Bohr, Ben
Mottelsen, Chr. Møller, Léon Rosenfeld
Dated January 28, 1962
Arrived in Stockholm on February 28, 1962,
thus too late
Niels Bohr died November 18, 1962
NP 1975
NIELS BOHR (ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY ML):
“As is apparent from reasons put forward in support of
our proposal, we have not intended to emphasize any
particular of Landau’s many important contributions to
physics, but much more to put weight on the fact that
he has in publication after publication enriched the
physics of our time in way which is difficult to find a
parallel to, and which reminds of how scientists such as
Lord Rayleigh [NP 1904] and Lorentz [NP 1902] with
their extraordinary analytical abilities managed to clarify
those problems that confronted science during their
time.
Copenhagen 1930
Klein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Pauli, Gamow, Landau,
EVALUATION BY IVAR WALLER, MEMBER OF THE NOBEL
COMMITTEE
Waller mention the late nomination by Niels Bohr et al.
and writes:
”The last proposal [by Bohr] is mentioned here
because it expresses aspects of Landau’s work which
has given him an exclusive position in contemporary
physics”
Waller discusses mainly superfluid helium and
highlights the 1956-59 papers
FINAL CONCLUSION OF THE NOBEL COMMITTEE
Landau’s importance has above all been that he with extraordinary
intuition has opened and showed the way for the further
development of research in many areas of condensed matter and
thereby to an unusual degree inspired and stimulated this research
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 awarded to Lev Landau "for his
pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
Note: the famous Ginzburg-Landau paper from 1950 on
superconductivity is never mentioned!
NP 2013
From Peter Higg’s ”Klein Lecture 2009”
Peter Higgs
1950 PAPER
P. 546 in ”Collected papers of Landau”:
THE NOBEL PRIZE 2003
Jointly to Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg,
and Anthony J. Legget ”for pioneering
contributions to the theory of superconductors
and superfluids”
DECEMBER 10, 1962
Presentation speech by Ivar Waller:
”Professor Landau has unfortunately not yet fully
recovered from the severe car accident which he
sustained at the beginning of this year.He is therefore
not here to receive his Nobel Prize which is instead
handed to him today by the Ambassador of Sweden in
Moscow.On behalf of the Swedish Academy of
Sciences I wish to express the hope that Professor
Landau will soon completely recover”
THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION!
Document Outline - Страница 1
- Outline
- Страница 3
- Страница 4
- Nobel Foundation
- Physics and Chemistry
- Страница 7
- Страница 8
- Nominations and selections of physics laureates
- Страница 10
- Страница 11
- Страница 12
- Страница 13
- Страница 14
- Страница 15
- Example of a prize for discovery
- Example of a prize for invention
- Shared prize
- Divided prize, 1978
- The Nobel prize in physics 1962
- Acknowledgement
- Nominations of Landau alone
- Страница 23
- 1958
- 1959
- 1960
- 1961
- Nominations of Pyotr Kapitsa
- Nomination of Kapitsa and Landau
- Other combination
- 1962
- Страница 32
- Nobel Prize in physics 1958
- Страница 34
- Страница 35
- Note:
- Nomination by Niels Bohr
- Страница 38
- Niels Bohr (english translation by ML):
- Страница 40
- Evaluation by Ivar Waller, member of the Nobel Committee
- Final conclusion of the Nobel Committee
- Страница 43
- 1950 paper
- The Nobel Prize 2003
- December 10, 1962
- Thanks for the attention!
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