© 2010 19
th
World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World
1 – 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD.
12
Landscape - Soilscape Evolution Modelling: LAPSUS
M.P.W. Sonneveld
A
, A.J.A.M. Temme
A
, J.M. Schoorl
A
, L. Claessens
A,B
, W. Viveen
A
, J.E.M. Baartman
A
, J.P.
Lesschen
C
and W. van Gorp
A
A
Wageningen University, Land Dynamics Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. Emails
Marthijn.Sonneveld@wur.nl, Arnaud.Temme@wur.nl, Jeroen.Schoorl@wur.nl, Jantiene.Baartman@wur.nl,
Wouter.vanGorp@wur.nl
B
International Potato Center (CIP), Nairobi, Kenya. Email l.claessens@CGIAR.ORG
C
Alterra, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Email JanPeter.Lesschen@wur.nl
Abstract
Landscape evolution modelling can make landscape evolution hypotheses explicit and theoretically allows
for their falsification and improvement. Ideally, landscape evolution models (LEMs) combine the results of
all relevant landscape forming processes into an ever-adapting digital landscape (e.g. DEM). These processes
may act on different spatial and temporal scales. LAPSUS is an example of such a LEM. In multiple study
cases different landscape processes have been included in LAPSUS: water erosion and deposition, landslide
activity, creep, solifluction, weathering, tectonics and tillage. Besides properties of soils influencing
landscape forming processes, vegetation effects can also be included. Process descriptions are kept as simple
and generic as possible, ensuring wide applicability of the modelling approach. Interactions between
processes are turn-based: soil redistribution caused by one process are calculated and used to adapt the DEM
before another process is simulated. LAPSUS uses multiple flow techniques to model flows of water and
sediment over the landscape. Though computationally costly, this gives a more realistic result than steepest
descent methods. In addition, the combination of different processes may create sinks during modelling.
Since these sinks are not spurious, the model has been adapted to deal with sinks in natural ways. This is
crucial for several purposes, for instance when studying damming of valleys by landslides, and subsequent
infilling of the resulting lake with sediments from upstream.
Key Words
Landscape Evolution Modelling, LAPSUS, soil redistribution, erosion.
Introduction
This short paper summarizes ongoing and completed work with the LAPSUS model and foreseen
developments in the near future. LAPSUS is a landscape evolution model (LEM) that combines the effects of
multiple landscape forming processes, including soil formation, into one dynamic landscape modelling
framework. Spatial and temporal extent and resolution may vary from slope, catchment to basin, processed
grid cells from 1 to 1000 m
2
, timesteps of multiple events, seasons, years, decades and simulation periods
from years to millennial time scales.
Interactions between processes are turn-based: soil redistribution caused by one process are calculated and
used to adapt the DEM before another process is simulated. In multiple study cases different landscape
processes have been included in LAPSUS : water erosion and deposition, landslide activity, creep,
solifluction, weathering, tectonics and tillage. (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Overview of processes incorporated in the LAPSUS modelling framework (see also
www.lapsusmodel.nl).
© 2010 19
th
World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World
1 – 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD.
13
Besides properties of soils influencing landscape forming processes, vegetation effects can also be included.
Process descriptions are kept as simple and generic as possible, ensuring wide applicability of the modelling
approach. LAPSUS uses multiple flow routing techniques to model the flow of water and sediment over the
landscape. This is computationally costly, but yields a more realistic result than steepest descent methods,
especially when combining multiple processes over multiple timesteps.
The combination of different processes may create sinks during modelling. Since these sinks are not
spurious, the model has been adapted to deal with them in a natural way. This is crucial when studying
damming of valleys by landslides, and subsequent infilling of the resulting lake with sediments from
upstream.
Results and discussion
LAPSUS has been used for erosion and landscape evolution studies in many landscapes in many countries
over the last years. The development of LAPSUS started in 2000 with the programming, calibration and
validation of the LAPSUS model and applications concerning land use in Spain and Ecuador (Schoorl et al.
2000, 2002, 2004, 2006; Schoorl and Veldkamp 2001, 2006). Later, the model has been extended in order to
include soil redistribution by landsliding in New Zealand and Taiwan (Claessens et al. 2005, 2006a, 2006b,
2007a, 2007b). In addition, issues of DEM resolution and the treatment of sinks and pits in the landscape
have been investigated (Temme et al. 2006, 2009a) as well as stretching the models time scale to landscape
evolution time spans, for example in South Africa (Temme and Veldkamp 2009; Temme et al. 2009b).
Different applications with individual processes have been developed, for example, the model has been used
in regional nutrient balance studies in Africa (Haileslassie et al. 2005, 2006, 2007; Roy et al. 2004; Lesschen
et al. 2005). The model has also been applied in desert environments in Israel (Buis and Veldkamp 2008);it
has been used in combination with geostatistical tools and tillage in Canada (Heuvelink et al. 2006), and to
investigate the faith of phosphor in the landscapes of the Netherlands (Sonneveld et al. 2006).
Recent developments and directions with the LAPSUS model are:
• Connectivity, agricultural terraces and land abandonment (Lesschen et al. 2007, 2009).
• Interactions and feedback mechanisms between land use and soil redistribution (Claessens et al. 2009).
• Effects of hydrological engineering on soil redistribution in large fluvial systems (Viveen et al. 2009)
• Erosion in a landscape evolution context, comparing event based and long term based models: LISEM
and LAPSUS (Baartman et al. 2009).
• Refining the LAPSUS temporal resolution. Modelling daily sediment yield from a meso-scale
catchment, a case study in SW Poland. (Coevert-Keesstra et al. 2009)
• Land sliding in mountainous areas. Landscape Dynamics: Calibrating landscape process modelling with
Caesium-137 data, separating water driven erosion from landslides? See (Schoorl et al. 2009).
• 3D river gradient modelling. Quaternary tectonics, sea level and climate change: the case of the river
Miño (Viveen et al. 2009).
• Coupling and interaction with TOA modelling. A novel site-specific methodology to assess the supply
curve of environmental services (Stoorvogel et al. 2009; Claessens et al. in prep).
Conclusion
Landscape evolution modelling allows for confirmation, falsification or improvement of landscape evolution
hypotheses and can make the consequences temporally and spatially explicit. Ideally, landscape evolution
models (LEMs) combine the results of all relevant landscape forming processes into an ever-adapting digital
landscape model These processes may act and interact on different spatial and temporal scales. The LAPSUS
modelling framework is an example of a LEM that has embedded multiple landscape forming processes and
their interactions in a generic tool that can be used to study many landscapes of the world at multiple
temporal and spatial scales.
References
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© 2010 19
th
World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World
1 – 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD.
14
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© 2010 19
th
World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World
1 – 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD.
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