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One more important factor involved in the development of periodontal disease is the
imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant
defenses, which lead to oxidative stress (Wei et al., 2004; Battino et al., 1999).
The molecular mechanism of ROS-caused tissue damage includes peroxidation of
membrane lipids, modification of protein (enzyme) and stimulation of pro-inflammatory
cytokine release (Chapple, 1997).
Most studies focused on the changes that the oxidative stress induces in the immune
system (Soory, 2009; Canakci et al., 2005;Wei et al., 2004;Biondi and Zannino, 1997).
Several lines of evidence implicate polymorphonuclearcells (PMNs) as the primary mediators
ofthe host response against periodontopathic bacteria, by the production of a range of
antimicrobial factors, including ROS, duringthe phagocytosis of periodontopathic bacteria
(Canakci et al., 2009; Jenkinson and Dymock, 1999).
Immune defense against antigens depends by a complex immuno-neuro-endocrine
network in which cortisol from the adrenal cortex and cytokines (e.g. IL-1β, IL-6) play an
important role as interactive mediators (Kemeny and Grünewald, 1999). From a ―microbial
endocrinology‖ point of view, the potentially pathogenic microorganisms would be able to
recognize hormones as stimuli to their growth and proliferation, thus initiating their
pathogenicity (Lyte, 1993). So, the stress could determine a synergic effect by decreasing the
immune system host response and increasingthe bacterial pathogenicity in the oral cavity.
Consequently, an increased concentration of catecholamine, which occurs as a reaction of the
body to stress, is effective in promoting oxidative tissue damage as well as growth and
virulence of a wide range of pathogens (Lyte, 1997).
In relation with the main role of oxidative stress in periodontal disease, recently, several
studies have shown that antioxidant compounds, such as melatonin, suppress both
inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting that they could act as protective molecules
against fighting periodontal infection (Zdarilova et al., 2010; Gomez-Moreno et al., 2007).
However, the following risk factors have to be also considered: age, race, gender, general
dysgnathia, acquired habits (smoking, alcoholism, etc.), disorders (diabetes mellitus, heart
failure, dysendocrinism, hematological diseases and autoimmune diseases, etc.), iatrogenic
factors (incongruous
prosthetic plates, drugs, etc.) and socio-economic hardship.
In the last decade the genetic factor has also emerged.There is a growing evidence that
polymorphisms in the IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, vitamin D receptor, and CD14 genes may be
associated with chronic periodontitis in adulthood (Laine et al., 2010; Kornman and Duff,
2001). Moreover, the genetic factor could be explaining the association between periodontal
disease and cardiovascular disease, since it influences both pathologies. At present, one
candidate that influences inflammation, IL-1 gene polymorphisms, has been associated with
periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (Stein et al., 2009).
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