A division of atheneum publishers, inc

(3) defined all social phenomena historically and, indeed, as a revolutionary process which results from the development of the material forces of production and is realized by the struggle of the social classes.
These three general results of the Marxian science of society include as particularly important partial results:
(4) an exact definition of the relation between economics and politics ;

(5) a reduction of all phenomena of the so-called "mind" to definite forms of social consciousness pertaining to a definite historical epoch.

A detailed analysis of topics (4) and (5) is beyond the scope of this work.
To arrive at these results, Marx used a conceptual framework of his own, which he composed largely of philosophical elements reshaped from Hegel, but into which he absorbed as well all the new tendencies of the social knowledge of his time. In conscious opposition to Hegel's idealistic system, he called this new set of ideas his materialism. As against the various other materialism tenets, he described it more precisely by the addition of one or more such adjectives as historical, dialectical, critical, revolutionary, scientific, or proletarian.

Historical materialism is in its main tendency no longer a philosophical, but rather an empirical and scientific, method.

230

CONCLUSIONS

It contains the premises for a real solution of the task which naturalistic materialism and positivism had only apparently solved by an eclectic application to the science of society of the highly specialized methods which, through centuries of study, the natural scientists had invented and meticulously adapted to their particular fields of investigation. Instead of transferring those scientific methods ready-made to the new sphere of society, Marx developed specific methods of social research, a Novum Organum which would permit the investigator in this newly opened field to penetrate the "eidola" standing in the way of unbiassed research, and to determine "with the precision of natural science" the real subject-matter hidden behind an interminable confusion of "ideological" disguises. This is the kernel of Marxian materialism.

Just as positivism could not move with freedom in the new field of social science, but remained tied to the specific concepts and methods of natural science, so Marx's historical materialism has not entirely freed itself from the spell of Hegel's philosophical method which in its day overshadowed all contemporary thought. This was not a materialistic science of society which had developed on its own basis. Rather it was a materialistic theory that had just emerged from idealistic philosophy; a theory, therefore, which still showed in its contents, its methods, and its terminology the birth-marks of the old Hegelian philosophy from whose womb it sprang. All these imperfections were unavoidable under the circumstances out of which Marx's materialistic social research arose. With all these faults, it was far and away in advance of the other contemporary schools of social thought. It remains superior to all other social theories even now, in spite of the comparatively negligible progress which Marxists have in the meantime made in the formal development of the methods discovered by Marx and Engels. In a partly philosophical form, it has yet achieved a great number of important scientific results which hold good to this day.

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KARL MARX

Through Hegel, the new proletarian materialism linked itself to the sum of bourgeois social thought of the preceding historical period. It did so in the same antagonistic manner in which, during the same period, the historical movement of the bourgeoisie was continued by the new revolutionary movement of the proletarian class.

The philosophical idealism of Hegel corresponded to a further advanced stage of the material development of society than did the old bourgeois materialism. Hegel had embodied in his "idealistic" system a greater number of elements that could be used by the new historical materialism. He had also presented them in a more highly developed form than had any of the 18th century materialists.1 We have seen in a former chapter how loosely Hegel's doctrine of "civil society" was connected with the whole of his idealistic system.2 Similarly, many other sections of Hegel's system can without difficulty be read materialistically instead of idealistically.

The fact that the new proletarian theory had incorporated in its methods and contents some important results of Hegel's philosophy, did not in any way infer an obligation. Marx and Engels disrupted the elements which in Hegel had been bound up in an idealistic system. They welded together the parts which they found suitable for their purpose, with elements taken from other sources into the new whole of a materialistic science.

Hegel had been in his time an encyclopaedic thinker, a genius at annexation, a "philosopher" hungry both for theory and reality, who brought within the scope of his system an incomparably greater field of experience than anyone since Aristotle. The mass

1 In the same sense Lenin noted in 1914, on reading Hegel's Philosophy of History: “Intelligent idealism is nearer intelligent materialism than is unintelligent materialism.” The “unintelligent” materialism is the undeveloped early bourgeois materialism in contrast to the "intelligent" idealism of Hegel and the intelligent materialism of Marx. (See Extracts and Marginal Notes on Hegel's Philosophy of History — Marx-Engels-Lenin-Institute, Moscow 1932, p. 212).

2 See above, pp. 20 et seq.

232

CONCLUSIONS

of thought-material stored up in Hegel's philosophy is, nevertheless, only one of the tributaries which Marx and Engels directed into the broad stream of their new materialistic doctrine of society. They took from all sides. From the bourgeois historians of the French Restoration they took the historical importance of class and class struggle ; from Ricardo, the conflicting economic interests of the social classes ; from Proudhon, the description of the modern proletariat as the only revolutionary class ; from the feudal and Christian assailants of the new political order born of the 18th century revolution, the ruthless unmasking of the liberal ideas of the bourgeoisie, the piercing invective full of hatred. Their ingenuous dissection of the unsolvable antagonisms of the modern mode of production they took from the petty-bourgeoisie socialism of Sismondi ; the accents of humanism perceptible even in their later materialistic writings from earlier companions among the left Hegelians, especially from Feuerbach ; the relevance of politics to the struggle of the working class from the contemporary labour parties, French Social Democrats and English Chartists ; the doctrine of the revolutionary dictatorship from the French Convention, and from Blanqui and his followers.1 Finally, they
1 See the first article of the Statement of Principles issued in 1850 by the Société universelle des communistes révolutionnaires (signed by the Blanquists, J. Vidil and Adam; by the communists, Willich, Marx, and Engels, by the Chartist, G. Julian Harney) which binds the associated groups, among them Marx's "Bund der Kommunisten", to the Blanquist slogans of the "permanent revolution" and the "dictatorship of the proletariat." The documents dealing with this shortlived rally of the militant extremists of the defeated 1848 revolution in a new international organisation which was soon afterwards entirely abandoned by Marx and Engels, were first published in 1928 by Rjazanov in the Russian Bulletin of the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow and in the German periodical Unter dem Banner des Marxismus, vol. II, No. 1-2. For a reflection of this secret deal with the Blanquists in Marx's published writings of the same period, see Marx's article in Neue Rheinische Zeitung, politisch-oekonomische Revue, No. 3, March, 1850 (reprinted by Engels 1895 in Klassenkaempfe in Frankreich 1848-1850) and the circular letter to its members from the Central Committee of the reconstituted Communist League, June 1850 (printed as an Appendix to the Zurich edition 1885 of Marx's Disclosures on the Communist Trial at Cologne, 1852).
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KARL MARX

took from St. Simon, Fourier, and Owen the ultimate goal of all socialism and communism, the complete overthrow of existing capitalistic society, abolition of all classes and class oppositions, and transformation of the political State into a mere management of production. These were the annexations they had made from the beginning. During the further development of their theory, they made others, adopting, for instance, at one stroke the results of that first age of discovery in primaeval research which began early in the 19th century and concluded with Morgan.
Just as Marx's new science is in its form above all a strictly empirical investigation and critique of society, so in its content it is, above all, economic research. Marx, who had begun his materialistic investigation of society as a critic of religion, of philosophy, of politics, and of law, later concentrated more and more upon economics. He did not thereby narrow down the realm of his all-comprehensive social science. The critique of Political Economy as embodied in Capital deals with the State and the law, and with such "higher," i.e., still more ideological, social phenomena as philosophy, art, and religion only in occasional remarks which light up, in sudden flashes, extensive fields of social activity ; yet it remains a materialistic investigation into the whole of existing bourgeois society. It proceeds methodically from the view that when we have examined the bourgeois mode of production and its historical changes we have thereby examined everything of the structure and development of present-day society which can be the subject-matter of a strictly empirical science. In this sense, Marx's materialistic social science is not sociology, but economics.

For the other branches of the so-called social science there remains then, according to the materialistic principle of Marxism, a scale of phenomena which become in proportion to their increasing distance from the economic foundation, less and less accessible to a strictly scientific investigation, less and less

234

CONCLUSIONS

"material," more and more "ideological," and which, finally, cannot be treated in a theoretical manner at all, but only critically and in the closest connection with the practical tasks of the revolutionary class war.

The last foundation of the new Marxian science is neither Hegel nor Ricardo, neither bourgeois philosophy nor bourgeois economy. Marx's materialistic investigation into the movement of modern bourgeois society received its decisive impulses from the reality of historical development, that is, from the great bourgeois revolutions of the 17th and 18th centuries and from the historical movement of the 19th century, the revolutionary rise of the proletarian class. A genetic presentation would show with what precision and at the same time with what weight every new phase of the real history of society, every new experience of the proletarian class struggle, is reflected in each new turn of the theoretical development of Marx's doctrine. This close connection between the real history of society and Marx s materialistic science does not rest upon a mere passive reflection of reality in theory. What Marx and Engels gained in theoretical views and concepts from their study of the real history of the proletarian movement, they gave back immediately in the form of direct participation in the class conflicts of their time and of powerful impulses which historically continue to enlarge and stimulate the proletarian movement up to the present day.

To be instrumental in the historical movement of our time is the great purpose of Marx. This revolutionary principle which shapes all his later theoretical work he had formulated in his earliest youth when he concluded his violent criticism of Feuerbach's politically insufficient materialistic philosophy with a last mighty hammer stroke : "Philosophers have only interpreted the world differently ; the important thing, however, is to change it."
235

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THE writings of Marx and Engels until 1848 and the complete correspondence between Marx and Engels, 1844-1883, are quoted from the Collected Works published under the auspices of the Marx-Engels-Lenin-Institute in Moscow : Marx-Engels-Gesamt-Ausgabe (MEGA), pt. I, vols. I-II and pt. III, vols. I-III, edited by D. Rjazanov, Berlin, 1927-30 ; pt. I, vols. III-VI and pt. III, vol. IV, edited by V. Adoratskij, Berlin, 1931-32. For the most complete and authentic information about their later writings see, as to Marx, the Bio-Bibliography of the same Institute : Karl Marx, Chronik seines Lebens in Einzeldaten, Moskau, 1934 ; as to Engels, Quellen und Nachweise, annexed to Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels, Eine Biographie in zwei Bänden, Berlin, 1933, vol. I, pp. 373-393, vol. II, pp. 535-570. All writings of Marx and Engels not included in the hitherto published volumes of MEGA, are quoted from the first editions and, in the case of unpublished MSS., documents, etc., each item in the form in which it was first printed.
WORKS OF MARX1
MEGA, I, i, I:
1. Differenz der demokritischen und epikureischen Natur-

philosophie (Doktordissertation), 1841.

The Difference between Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature.

2. Das philosophische Manifest der historischen Rechtsschule

(Rheinischc Zeitung, 1842, Nr. 221, Beiblatt).

The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law.

1 Co-authorship of Engels is indicated by a cross printed on the margin.
237

KARL MARX

3. Die Verhandlungen des 6. rheinischen Landtags. Debatten über das Holzdiebstalilsgesetz (Rh. Z. 1842, Nr. 298, Beiblatt und Nr. 307, Beiblatt). On the Debates of the 6th Rhineland Diet.

4. Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie (MSS. 1843). Quoted as MSS. of 1843.

5. Ein Briefwechsel von 1843 (Deutsch-Franzosische Jahr-bücher, 1844). Correspondence of 1843.

6. Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie

(Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbücher, Paris, 1844). Introduction to a Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Law.
MEGA, I, i, 2 :

7. Letter to his father of 10.11.1837.

8. Letter to Ruge of 25.1.1843.

9. Letter to Ruge of 5.3.1843.

MEGA, I, iii :

10. Kritische Randglossen zu dem Artikel : "Der König von Preussen und die Sozialreform. Von einem Preussen." (Vorwärts, Pariser Deutsche Zeitschrift,

1844.)

Marginal Notes to Ruge's Article, "The King of Prussia and Social Reform."

11. Aus den Excerptenheften : über Smith; über Mill (MSS., 1844). Quoted as Notes of 1844.

12. Zur Kritik der Nationaloekonomie, mit einem Schluss-kapitel über die Hegelsche Philosophie (Oekono-misch-philosophische MSS., 1844). Towards a Critique of National Economy (Economico-Philosophical MSS., 1844).

13. +Die heilige Familie, oder Kritik der kritischen Kritik. Gegen Bruno Bauer & Consorten. Frankfurt, 1845. Quoted as Holy Family, 1845.
238

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MEGA, I, v :

14. +Die deutsche Ideologie. Kritik der neuesten deutschen Philosophie, in ihren Reprasentanten, Feuerbach, B. Bauer und Stirner, und des deutschcn Sozialismus in seinen verschiedenen Propheten. (MSS., 1845-46.) The German Ideology : Critique of the New German Philosophy as represented by Feuerbach, B. Bauer, and Stirner, and of German Socialism and its various Prophets. Quoted as German Ideology, 1845-46.

15. Thesen Ueber Feuerbach (MSS., 1845 ; first published by Engels as Appendix to No. 51 below). Quoted as Theses on Feuerbach, 1845.
MEGA, I, vi :

16. Misère de la philosophie. Réponse a la philosophie de la misère de M. Proudhon. Paris - Bruxelles, 1847. Quoted as Anti-Proudhon, 1847.

17. Arbeitslohn (MSS., 1847 ; later published in a revised form under different title, see No. 18).

18. Lohnarbeit und Kapital (Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 1849,

No. 264 et seq., 5.4.-11.4). Wage-Labour and Capital.

19. Leitartikel der Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung, 4.4.1849. Leading Article of Neue Rheinische Zeitung.

Nos. 18 and 19 re-edited with an introduction by Engels under heading, "Lohnarbeit und Kapital" (1891).

20. Aus den Excerptenheften : über Quesnay ; über Brissot (MSS., 1845-46). Quoted as Notes of 1845-46.

21. +Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei. London, 1848. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Quoted as Communist Manifesto, 1848.

22. Ansprache der Zentralbehörde des Bundes der Kom-munisten, Juni, 1850 (printed as an Appendix to the Zurich edition, 1852, of No. 26 below).

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KARL MARX

Circular Letter to its Members from the Central Committee of the Communist League, June, 1850.

23. Neue Rheinische Zeitung, politisch-okonomische Revue. Heft 3 ; März, 1850.

24. +Doppelheft, 5/6 ; November, 1850.

Nos. 23 and 24 re-edited with an introduction by Engels under heading "Die Klassenkampfe in Frankreich, 1848-50," 1895.

25. Der 18. Brumaire des Louis Napoleon (Die Revolution, Eine Zeitschrift in zwanglosen Heften, New York, 1852 ; reprinted in book form, Hamburg, 1869). The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, 1852.

26. Enthüllungen über den Kommunistenprozess zu Köln,

1852. Disclosures on the Communist Trial at Cologne, 1852.

27. Einleitung zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie (MSS., 1857 ; printed Neue Zeit XXI, I, 1903). Quoted as Introduction 1857.

28. Vorwort zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie, 1859. Quoted as Preface 1859.

29. Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie Heft I, Berlin, 1857). Quoted as Critique of Political Economy, 1859.

30. Vorwort zur I. Auflage des Kapital, 1867. Preface to ist edition of Capital, 1867.

31. Nachwort zur 2. Auflage des Kapital, 1872. Quoted as Postscript 1873.

32. Das Kapital, Buch I : Der Produktionsprozess des Kapi-tals ; i. Auflage, 1867; 2. Auflage, 1872, 3. Auflage, edited by Fr. Engels, 1883 (quoted from the 4th edition, edited by Fr. Engels, Hamburg, 1890).

33. +Das Kapital, Buch II : Der Zirkulationsprozess des Kapitals, edited by Engels, Hamburg, 1885.

34. +Das Kapital, Buch III : Der Gesamtprozess der kapitalistischen Produktion, edited by Engels, Hamburg, 1894.
240

BIBLIOGRAPHY

35. Vorarbeiten zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie, Heft 6-15 (MSS., 1861-63, edited by Kautsky under the heading "Theorien über den Mehrwert," vols. I-III, Stuttgart, 1905-10). Quoted as Theories on Surplus Value.

36. Address and Provisional Rules of the Working Men's International Association (printed at the Beehive Newspaper Office, London, 1864).

37. Schreiben vom 24.1.1865, über P. J. Proudhon (Sozial-

demokrat, Berlin, 1865, Nr. 16-18). Letter to the Editor of the Sozialdemokrat, 24.1.1865.

38. Randglossen zum Programm der Deutschen Arbeiter-

partei (MS., 1875, printed Neue Zeit IX, i, 1891). Marginal Notes to the Programme of the German Labour Party, 1875.

39. Entwurf einer Entgegnung auf Michaelovskys Aufsatz in Otetshestvennye Sapiski, Petersburg, 1877, Heft 10 (MS., 1877 ; first published in Russian in Viestruk Narodnoy Voli, 1866 ; German translation in Sozialdemokrat, Zurich, 1887, and in Volkszeitung, New York, 1887). Letter to the Editor of Otetshestvennye Sapiski, 1877.

40. Oekonomisches en général (MSS. of 1881-82, printed as Appendix to the 1932 edition of Capital, by the Marx-Engels-Lenin-Institute in Moscow).

WORKS OF ENGELS
41. Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationaloekonomie (Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, Paris, 1844; reprinted MEGA, I, ii). Outlines of a Critique of National Economy, 1844.

42. Rezension von Nr. 29 (Das Volk, London, 1859).

Review of Marx's Critique of Political Economy, 1859.

43. Dell'Autorità (Pubblicazione della Plebe, Lodi, 1873).

241

KARL MARX

44. Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft (Vorwärts, Leipzig, 1877 ; reprinted in book form under the same title, 1878). Quoted as Anti-Dühring, 1878.

45. Socialisme utopique et socialisme scientifique, Paris, 1880 (revised edition in pamphlet form of No. 44 ; German edition under heading "Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft," 1883). Quoted as Socialism, Utopian and Scientific.

46. Speech at the funeral of Marx, 17.3.1883 (printed in German in the Sozialdemokrat, Zurich, 22.3.1883).

47. Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des

Staats, 1884.

Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, 1884.

48. How not to translate Marx (The Commonwealth, London, November, 1885).

49. Preface to first German edition of No. 16, 1884.

50. Preface to No. 33, 1885.

51. Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen Philosophie, 1888. Quoted as On Feuerbach, 1888.

52. Preface to Nos. 18/19, 1891.

53. Preface to No. 34, 1894.

54. Preface to Nos. 23/24, 1895.

55. Briefe über materialistische Geschichtsauffassung, 1889-94 (printed in Dokumente des Sozialismus, vol. II, 1903, and in Mehring, Geschichte der deutschen Sozialdemokratie, 2nd ed. 1903).

Letters on the Materialistic Conception of History, 1889-94 (English translation in Appendixes 1-4 of Sidney Hook, Towards The Understanding of Karl Marx, London-New York, 1933).
242

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CORRESPONDENCE
56. Marx to Engels 14. 6.1853 MEGA, III,i

57. 2. 4.1858 III, ii

58. 29.11.1858 III, ii

59. 7. 7.1866 III, iii

60. 12.12.1866 III, iii

61. 24. 4.1867 III, iii

62. 27. 7.1867 III, iii

63. 24. 8.1867 III, iii

64. 8. 1.1868 III, iv

65. 25. 3.1868 III, iv

66. 30. 4.1868 III, iv

67. 23. 5.1868 III, iv

68. Engels to Marx 19.11.1844 III, i

69. 19. 8.1846 III, i

70. middle of October, 1846 III, i

71. Marx to Annenkov 28.12.1846 (Mouvement Socialiste,

vol. 33, Paris, 1913).

72. Marx to Weydemeyer 5. 3.1852

73. Marx to Kugelmann 11.7.1868

74. Marx to Kugelmann 27.6.1870

75. Marx to Beesly 12.6.1871

76. Engels to F. A. Lange 11.3.1865

77. Engels to Bernstein 23.5.1884

78. Engels to Toennies 24.1.1895

Writings of the Author quoted in this book.

79. Kernpunkte der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung,

Berlin, 1922.

Principles of the Materialistic Conception of History,

1922.

80. Arbeitsrecht für Betriebsräte, Berlin, 1922.

The Law of Labour. For the Use of Workers' Committees, Shop Stewards, Trade Unionists, etc., 1922.
243

KARL MARX

81. Marximus und Philosophie, 1st edition, Leipzig, 1923, 2nd

edition, Leipzig, 1930.

Marxism and Philosophy, 1923/30.

82. Die materialistische GeschichtsaufFassung. Eine Ausein-

andersetzung mit Karl Kautsky, Leipzig, 1929.

The Materialistic Conception of History. A Critical

Examination of the Work of Karl Kautsky, 1929.

83. Die spanische Revolution (Neue Rundschau, Berlin, 1931).

84. Thesen über Hegel und die Revolution — published on the

l00th anniversary of Hegel's death (1931) in German

and French periodicals; most available in La Critique

Sociale No. 5, Paris, 1932.

85. Geleitwort zur Volksausgabe des Kapital; ungekürzte

Ausgabe nach der 2. Auflage von 1872, G. Kiepenheuer Verlag und Verlag des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes, Berlin, 1932.

Introduction to Popular Edition of Capital, 1932.

86. Werner Sombart (Grünberg's Archiv zur Geschichte des

Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung, Vol. XVI, 1931)

87. Karl Marx (Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 10, 1933).

88. Why I am a Marxist (Modern Monthly, New York, April, 1935).
244

INDEX OF NAMES

ADAM, 233

Adoratsky, V., 237

Annenkov, P., 112

Aristotle, 12, 79, 123, 205, 209, 232

BACON, Francis, 83

Bakunin, Michael, 215

Bastiat, F., 107

Bauer, Bruno, 108, 112, 158, 173

Bebel, August, 208

Beesly, A. S., 17

Bernstein, Eduard, 148, 222

Bismarck, Otto, 211

Blanqui, L. Auguste, 159, 233

Bloch, J, 222

Boisguillebert, P, 21

Bonald, L. G. A., 66

Borgius, Walter, 222, 224

Bray, J. F., 91, 108

Briffault. R., 71

Brissot, J. B., 42

Brougham, Henry (Lord), 102

Broussais, F. J. V., 48

Büchner, Ludwig, 176
CANNAN, A., 94

Carey, H. C., 105

Comte, Auguste, 17, 18, 22, 23,

48, 82, 170

Cooper, R., 214

Copernicus, N., 156, 209

DARWIN, Charles, 58, 59, 203

Democritus, 172

Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 60-61

Dietzgen, Joseph, 170

Dühring, Eugen, 99
EPICURUS, 172
FERGUSON, A, 20, 61, 126

Feuerbach, Ludwig, 108, 112, 132, 158, 169-177, 189, 190, 233, 236

Fichte, J. G., 21, 179, 189

Fourier, F. M. C., 69, 107, 149, 204, 234

France, Anatole, 142

Frank, Philipp, 227

Freud, Sigmund, 71
GINSBERO, M., 203

Goebbels, P. F., 105

Goncourt, E., 42

Goncourt, J., 42

Gray, J., 108, 145

Grimm, Jakob, 67

Guizot, F. P. G., 61
HARNEY, G. Julian, 233

Hegel, G. W. F., 13, 19, 20, 21,22, 31, 34, 48, 54, 55, 58, 61-65, 70 73-76, 78, 93, 103, 108, 111, 112, 117, 132, 133, 139, 140, 141, 172-182, 189, 190, 201, 208, 224, 225, 227, 231, 233, 235

Herder, J. G., 48

Hess, Moses, 170

Hilferding, Rudolf, 27

Hobbes, Th., 57, 58, 128, 139

Hook, Sidney, 214, 222, 242

Hume, David, 42, 170, 172

Huxley, Thomas, H., 170, 203
JEVONS, W. St., 33, 99
KANT, Immanuel, 21, 48, 58, 61, 103, 170, 172, 178, 179, 189, 214
245

KARL MARX

Kaufman, Ilarion Ignatevich, 80

Kautsky, Karl, 51, 53, 32, 130, 241

Khaldoun, Ibn, 138

Kropotkin, P., 59

Kugelmann, L., 59, 194
LABRIOLA, Antonio, 18, 74

Lange, F. A., 59

Lassalle, Ferdinand, 64, 74, 85, 90

Lenin, W. I., 25, 27, 74, 78, 114, 117, 154, 212, 217, 218, 227, 229, 232

Lévy-Bruhl, L., 18

Liebknecht, Karl, 216

Luxemburg, Rosa, 46, 108, 217
MAcGuLLOCH, I. R., 107

Mach, Ernst, 170

Maistre, J. M. de, 66

Malthus, Th. R., 58

Mandeville, Bernard de, 57, 58, 61

Mannheim, Karl, 46

Masaryk, Th. G., 18

Mayer, Gustav, 18, 172, 237

Mehring, Franz, 222, 242

Menger, Anton, 99

Michaelovsky, N. K., 167

Mill, James, 132

Mill, John Stuart, 18

Moleschott, J., 176

Morgan, Lewis H., 50, 234
NAPOLEON III, 10
OWEN, Robert, go, 102, 107, 204, 226, 234
PARETO, Vilfredo, 153, 178

Pecqueur, Constantin, 132

Perrault, Ch., 203

Petty, William, 21

Plechanov, G. W., 74, 118, 169, 190

Proudhon, P. J., 63, 64, 67, 90,

111, 112, 113, 215, 233
QUESNAY, F., 21, 92, 94, 106, 140
RAU, K. H., 108

Ricardo, David, 21, 22, 24, 30, 61-63, 70, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 101-108, 113, 123, 126, 140, 233, 235

Rjazanov, D., 113, 118, 233, 237

Rodbertus, K. J., 90, 99, 108, 123

Roosevelt, F. D., 148

Rousseau, J. J., 50, 59, 139

Ruge, Arnold, 9, 89, 108, 175

Rumney, J., 203

SAINT-SIMON, H. C., 18, 107, 132, 204, 234

Say, J. B., 108

Schapper, Karl, 211

Scheler, Max, 46

Schmidt, Conrad, 222, 225

Seeger, R., 172

Shaw, G. B., 99

Sismondi, J. Ch. S. de, 62, 104, 107, 108, 233

Smith, Adam, 20, 21, 31, 61, 76, 92, 94, 97, 101-104, 107, 125,

126, 140, 143, 199

Sombart, Werner, 46, 222, 224

Sorel, Georges, 51, 203, 229

Spencer, Herbert, 17, 18, 51, 52, 185, 203

Spengler, Oswald, 71, 204

Spinoza, B., 169, 170

Stammler, R., 46, 227

Starkenburg, H., 222, 224

Stirner, Max, 112, 158

Stolberg, B., 148

Strauss, D. F., 171-173

Struve, P. B., 229

Suchannov, N. N., 229

TAINE, Hippolyte, 226

Thierry, Augustin, 61

Thiers, L. A., 61

Thompson, W., 108

Thuenen, J. H., 108

Toennies, F., 18, 46

Troeltsch, E., 46

Trotzky, L. D., 202, 227

246

INDEX OP NAMES

VAROA, E., 227

Vico, G. B., 138

Vidil, J., 233

Vinton, W. J., 148

Vogt, Karl, 176
WAGNER, Adolf, 10, 99, 123

Walras, L., 153

Weber, Max, 46

Weydemeyer, J., 103

Willich, August, 211, 233
247