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CHRISTMAS & NEW YEAR
Unable to get home for Christmas?
How about joining in the fun at
International Students House! Check
out our special programme of activity
taking place over the Christmas
period. Even come and stay - the
House will be offering reduced
accommodation rates for students
wishing to spend a few days in
London over Christmas. We’ll also
have an exciting New Year’s Eve
party so come and join us and ring in
the new year in the spirit of
internationalism.
Part Two

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PART THREE
General Training Module
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 30-41 which are based on the Reading
Passage below.
PAPER RECYCLING
A 
Paper is different from other waste
produce because it comes from a
sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the
minerals and oil used to make plastics
and metals, trees are replaceable.
Paper is also biodegradable, so it
does not pose as much threat to the
environment when it is discarded.
While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of
wood fibre used to make paper in
Australia comes from waste paper, the
rest comes directly from virgin fibre
from forests and plantations. By world
standards this is a good performance
since the world-wide average is 33 per
cent waste paper. Governments have
encouraged waste paper collection
and sorting schemes and at the same
time, the paper industry has re-
sponded by developing new recycling
technologies that have paved the way
for even greater utilisation of used
fibre. As a result, industry’s use of
recycled fibres is expected to increase
at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the
coming years.
B
Already, waste paper constitutes 70%
of paper used for packaging and
advances in the technology required
to remove ink from the paper have
allowed a higher recycled content in
newsprint and writing paper. To
achieve the benefits of
recycling, the community must also
contribute. We need to accept a
change in the quality of paper prod-
ucts; for example stationery may be
less white and of a rougher texture.
There also needs to be support from
the community for waste paper collec-
tion programs. Not only do we need to
make the paper available to collectors
but it also needs to be separated into
different types and sorted from con-
taminants such as staples, paperclips,
string and other miscellaneous items.
C 
There are technical limitations to the
amount of paper which can be recycled
and some paper products cannot be
collected for re-use. These include
paper in the form of books and perma-
nent records, photographic paper and
paper which is badly contaminated.
The four most common sources of
paper for recycling are factories and
retail stores which gather large
amounts of packaging material in
which goods are delivered, also offices
which have unwanted business docu-
ments and computer output, paper
converters and printers and lastly
households which discard newspapers
and packaging material. The paper
manufacturer pays a price for the
paper and may also incur the collection
cost.

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103
D
Once collected, the paper has to be
sorted by hand by people trained to
recognise various types of paper. This
is necessary because some types of
paper can only be made from particular
kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted
paper then has to be repulped or mixed
with water and broken down into its
individual fibres. This mixture is called
stock and may contain a wide variety of
contaminating materials, particularly if it
is made from mixed waste paper which
has had little sorting. Various machin-
ery is used to remove other materials
from the stock. After passing through
the repulping process, the fibres from
printed waste paper are grey in colour
because the printing ink has soaked
into the individual fibres. This recycled
material can only be used in products
where the grey colour does not matter,
such as cardboard boxes but if the grey
colour is not acceptable, the fibres
must be de-inked. This involves adding
chemicals such as caustic soda or
other alkalis, soaps and detergents,
water-hardening agents such as cal-
cium chloride, frothing agents and
bleaching agents. Before the recycled
fibres can be made into paper they
must be refined or treated in such a
way that they bond together.
E 
Most paper products must contain
some virgin fibre as well as recycled
fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot
be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is
down-cycled which means that a prod-
uct made from recycled paper is of an
inferior quality to the original paper.
Recycling paper is beneficial in that it
saves some of the energy, labour and
capital that goes into producing virgin
pulp. However, recycling requires the
use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable
energy source, to collect the waste
paper from the community and to
process it to produce new paper. And
the recycling process still creates
emissions which require treatment
before they can be disposed of safely.
Nevertheless, paper recycling is an
important economical and environmen-
tal practice but one which must be
carried out in a rational and viable
manner for it to be useful to both indus-
try and the community.
Part Three

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Example
From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and