A new Approach to Normalize Existing Anomalies in Astrophysics

INTRODUCTION

Two years ago, on the website http://metu.edu.tr/~saryal an article with the heading “A New Approach to Normalize Existing Anomalies in Astrophysics” was presented. A hypothesis, claiming that electromagnetic waves loose energy while traveling through cosmos was introduced. In the mean time two rigorous proofs have been obtained and added to the paper. These give an answer to the question “If Big-Bang is wrong, then what is right”?

Answer to this question is obtained by applying the above mentioned hypothesis to the Max-Plank’s “Black Body Radiation” equation and its integrated form, the Stefan-Boltzmann equation. All anomalies mentioned at the beginning of (Part I) are based on the assumption that Doppler Effect prevails. It turns out that it is not the case.

The last anomaly has a problem: To determine the distance of a supernova remnant, redshift measurements were made at two substantially different wavelengths. The result gave two different distance values. That it should be so is obvious from the asymmetry of the Max-Plank’s “Black Body Radiation equation (Figure 1). This fact will alleviate the incontinence of believing that a spherical supernova remnant (EO102-72) is a long cylinder.

Dr. Nuri Saryal

March 2012

A NEW APPROACH TO NORMALİZE EXSİSTİNG

ANOMALIES IN ASTROPHYSİCS

(Part I)

Dr. Nuri Saryal

Anomalies

There are at least four anomalies in present Astrophysics, these are:

• 
  The ever shrinking Hubble constant. This fact has been discussed in USA during the famous “Scale of the Universe” debate in 1996 ⁽¹⁾. Now it has been changed to “Hubble number”. (See Part II)
  
• 
  Contrary to expectations, it is an accelerating universe.
  
• 
  If redshift is due to recession Doppler Effect or expanding universe , over-lapping two beams (images) resulting from galactic lensing of a single light emitting object in an interferometer, should give a DC signal. Observations indicate the opposite.⁽²⁾
  
• 
  The supernova remnant (E0102-72) has unexpectedly the shape of a long cylinder, instead of a spherical shape. This happened as the redshift values were evaluated at two subsequently different wavelengths ⁽³⁾.
  

Blackbody Radiation

As proven lately, the electromagnetic wave propagation in outer space obeys exactly Plank’s Blackbody Distribution law. This law can be expressed as Spectral Emissive Power [W/m²·μm] in terms of wavelength λ [μm] and blackbody surface temperature T [K}.

(1)

= 3.742 · 10⁸ [W· μm⁴/m²] and = 1.439 · 10⁴ [μm·K]

Hypothesis

As light (emitted electromagnetic waves) travels through outer space, the characteristic temperature [K] of the wave will drop with time t [Gly] according to the relation

= - (2)

Postulate

The released energy is converted into Dark Energy.

Redshift

Integrating (Eqn.2) between time limits “0” and “t” yields:

= (3)

According to Wien’s displacement law, with m=max.em.power at T [K],

= = (4)

Combining the last two equations yields the redshift equation for: (See Fig.1 below)

= (5)

As the characteristic temperature drops, the wave length increases as a function of time.

Taking z = 8 (i.e. / = 9) and t = 13.7 [Gyr] values as basis, gives = 0.1604 [].

Using eqns. 1, 4 and 5, the following relation, expressing the time (distance) dependence of emissive power of the emitted light can be obtained:

= (6)


Fig.1 Spectral blackbody emissive power ⁽⁴⁾

Dashed line, connecting all values indicates the “blackbody redshift line” (Eqn. 3 & 5).

Verification

Equation 3 and therefore 5 describe exactly the blackbody redshift line. The character of equations 1, 5 and 6 gives a positive response to the above mentioned four anomalies.

First anomaly mentioned is the “ever shrinking Hubble constant”. Taking equation 5 and the known “z” value, a corrected time (distance) value can be calculated by using

t = [Gyr] (7)

This equation will be used to convert the “square of the distance (SD)” and “energy dissipation (ED)” equations time (t) to redshift (z) domain.

Second anomaly is the accelerating universe, concluding from SN 1a High z measure- ments. Brian Schmidt ⁽⁵⁾ mentions in his concluding words:

“So our observations may mean one of three things:

• 
  The Exciting: the universe is accelerated by some unknown type of matter that is spread throughout the Cosmos.
  
• 
  The Heretical: General Relativity is as sacred as anything in Physics, but it may be wrong. Since our work is comparing the predictions of General Relativity with observations, if General Relativity is wrong, so are our conclusions.
  
• 
  The Mundane (at least from our point of view): We are simply wrong and have been fooled by Supernovae into believing the Universe is accelerating. Maybe supernovae are fainter in the past, and therefore look further away.
  
• 
  Maybe supernovae are fainter in the past, and therefore look further away. The last sentence is exactly what (Eqn. 6) predicts: A strong decrease of emissive power for large “t” (distance) values!
  

Third anomaly is the AC signal (instead of a DC) as a result of overlapping two images due to galactic lensing of a single source in an interferometer. One good example for such a galactic lensing is a quasar, reported by Rudolph E. Schild of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. The image of the quasar near the Big Dipper is split in two by the gravity of a massive galaxy. The length difference between the two causes a sinusoidal luminosity variation (one complete cycle is 417 light-days ⁽²⁾. Eqn.5 predicts an AC response, if two beams are of different length (asymmetric galactic lensing).

Positive response to the fourth anomaly can be obtained by using (Eqn. 1 to 6), taking two substantially different wave lengths and calculation.

Quotations:

1. 
   : The Incredible Shrinking Constant 1925-1975. Virginia Trimble, Publication of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 108; 1073 – 1082
   
2. 
   Hourly Variability In Q0957]561 – Wesley N. Colley and Rudolph Schild The Astrophysical Journal, 540:104-112, 2000 September 1
   
3. 
   Internet: Astronomy Picture of the Day; 2009 Sept. 05
   
4. 
   Adopted from: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Frank P. Incropera and David P. de Witt, John Wiley & Sons
   
5. 
   Dr. Brian Schmidt, leader of the Australian High-z SN 1a group. http://msowww.anu.edu.au/~brian/
   

(Part II )

Verification of the Hypothesis

One anomaly mentioned in part one is the accelerating universe: During the early times of the universe, supernovae (SN I a) appear to be fainter than expected. This fact is interpreted as an accelerating universe. A great number of astronomers from different countries worked on this “Supernova Cosmology Project” in two groups and published their results (Fig. 1) and (Ref. 1)

Fig. 1

Graph for the luminosity factor “μ” versus redshift value “z”. (Ref. 1 pp5)

Graph for the luminosity factor “μ” versus redshift value “z”. (Ref. 2) The graph for the second graph(Kowalski et al group) is not allowed for photocopy.

(Ref.1): http://astro.fnal.gov/events/Seminars/Slides/Faccioli.pdf (pp. 5) (Ref.2):http://www.stsci.edu/institute/itsd/information/streaming/archive/SpringSymposium2008/SaulPerlmutter050508Hi_supporting/Perlmutter.pdf (Ref.2): (Ref.3): _{http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~scyoon/lectures/sngrb2010/slides/lecture4.pdf (pp. 26)}

(Part III)

Light is Loosing Energy

The “Supernova Cosmology Project” gives a good opportunity to test the validity of the hypothesis mentioned in (Part I). Data collected for the Supernova 1a high “z” measurements can be used to test the results of the fallowing calculations. Neglecting interstellar hydrogen and dust, there are two factors that reduce the luminosity of the SNe 1a with distance: 1- The Square of the Distance 2- The Energy Dissipation (Hypothesis).

1. 
   First, the Square of the Distance “SD” law:
   

SD = =

Substituting [t = ln (z + 1) / ϒ] (Eqn. 7, Part (I)

SD = Equation (III-1)

Where ϒ = 0.1604 proportionality constant. R = 1.6 E-3 Radius of SNe 1a.

2. 
   Energy Dissipation “ED” Law:
   

Energy dissipation with distance (time) is formulated using Stefan Boltzmann Law:

ED = θ [W/] Equation (III-2)

R = 1.5E13 Radius of SN 1a. T = 3 E+10 [K] Surface temperature of SN 1ae

Θ = 5.67 E-8 [W/.] t = ln (z + 1) / ϒ [Gyr]

Calculation and Results:

Both equations (III-1) and (III-2) are functions of “z”. The result of the calculations is tabulated below:

First, SD and ED are calculated for each “z” value. Then “μ” is calculated according to the following scheme:

μ = [ED (0.1) – SD (0.1) + ED (0.1) – ED (z) + SD (z) – SD (0.1)

(μ) value @ z=0,1 Δ ED Δ SD

μ = 2x[ ED(0.1) – SD (0.1)] + SD(z) – ED(z)

(μ) Data From Supernova Cosmology Project curves vs Calculated Data

Table 2

Table 2

"z" Values 0,01 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 SD Values 21,18 23,1 23,7 24,2 24,5 24,7 24,9 25 25 25,1 25 25,3 ED values 66,34 62,4 61,3 60,2 59,6 59,3 59 58,8 58,6 58,4 58 58,2 Saryal 33,4 39,3 41 42,6 43,5 44 44,5 44,8 45 45,3 45,5 45,7 Kowalski et al. 39,8 41,8 41,7 42,7 43,5 44,2 44,8 45 45,4 45.6 46 Amanullah et al. 38,6 40,8 41,8 42,8 43,6 44,1 44,8 45

Anomalies in Astrophysics

(Part IV)

Age of the Universe has ever been a subject of primary interest. Big Bang theory, based on Hubble constant could not define a reliable age ⁽¹⁾.

If the hypothesis and the related equations proposed in (Part I) eliminate the mentioned anomalies, then the theory of “red shift due to recession velocity (Doppler effect or expanding Universe)” must be abandoned.

A new theory, backed up by some astrophysical observations, could be as follows:

Postulate:

It is a recycling universe.

• 
  Matter is converted into Dark Matter in Black holes. This postulate is backed up by the observations, indicating that Dark Matter is accumulated at central regions of galaxies. Size of Black holes is proportional to its matter accretion rate and this again to the size of galaxy.
  
• 
  Dark matter condensates out into matter (Hydrogen). This postulate is backed up by Isotropic Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation and huge amounts of Hydrogen existing in outer space.
  

An Age Crisis?

If we compare the two age determinations, there is a potential crisis. If the universe is flat, and dominated by ordinary or dark matter, the age of the universe as inferred from the Hubble constant would be about 9 billion years. The age of the universe would be shorter than the age of oldest stars. This contradiction implies that either 1) our measurement of the Hubble constant is incorrect, 2) the Big Bang theory is incorrect or 3) that we need a form of matter like a cosmological constant that implies an older age for a given observed expansion rate.

Some astronomers believe that this crisis will pass as soon as measurements improve. If the astronomers who have measured the smaller values of the Hubble constant are correct, and if the smaller estimates of globular cluster ages are also correct, then all is well for the Big Bang theory, even without a cosmological constant.

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_age.html

Author’s mail address: [e-mail]

http://www.metu.edu.tr/~saryal