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April 22nd-28th 2023 Ukraine’s game planThe EconomistOn the scent
B
y day, Édouard Laugier
and Auguste
Laurent worked in the back room of
Laugier Père et Fils, a Parisian perfumery
established by Laugier’s grandfather. Sur
rounded by boilers and flasks, they dis
tilled the cinnamon, mint, orange peel and
rose that were among the base materials
for the scents and tonics sold by the shop.
After hours, the two men, who had met on
the left bank in Paris in the early 1830s, and
who shared a passion for chemistry,
turned to an enigma that had baffled the
brightest minds in Europe.
What separated living from nonliving
matter? The pair’s work helped lay the
foundations of organic chemistry—the
study of molecules that contain carbon,
the building block of living things. In “Elix
ir” Theresa Levitt, a professor of history at
the University of Mississippi, situates the
latenight quest of the two young chemists
in its cultural and scientific context.
The author’s comprehensive account
includes some enjoyable diversions into
the soap shortage of 1793, the best time to
pick jasmine for its extract (early morning)
and the number of ingredients in Char
treuse liqueur (130). At times, her immense
cast of characters threatens to subsume
her two subjects as well as the reader. For
tunately, the book’s back matter includes a
list of the
dramatis personae
.
Ms Levitt is especially good at evoking
the allconsuming nature of scientific
rivalry. In a display of duplicity and envy, a
French pharmacist stole an English chem
ist’s formula for manufacturing nitro
benzene cheaply; the Frenchman raked in
a fortune from the soap he made from the
aromatic compound. A German chemist
dismissed a Dutch peer for having “no taste
for accurate chemical research”. (The
Dutchman later won the first Nobel prize
for chemistry.)
Meanwhile, Laurent suffered a vindic
tive rival, JeanBaptiste Dumas, who belit
tled his work. Squash him like a bug,
Dumas’s colleague advised: “Punch him in
the stomach such that he doesn’t even
think of getting up.” The morose Laurent
was an outsider; the book describes at
length how he was kicked around by Du
mas and others. At one point he drew a
sketch of himself jumping headfirst into
the Seine. Still, he pressed on.
The most beguiling passages in “Elixir”
are those in which the author describes the
significance of perfume in French history.
In later life, Louis XIV, known as the “flow
ery one”, could only tolerate the scent of
oranges from his own trees in Versailles.
Marie Antoinette’s
nécessaire de toilette—
her flaconfilled travel case—was a tipoff
to her snitching servants that she planned
to flee Paris, leading to her capture. Napo
leon Bonaparte, too, hated bad odours and
kept a bottle of cologne beside him on the
eve of every battle. Such was his fondness
for nice smells that he supposedly got
through 60 bottles a month.
Laugier and Laurent, who would leave
the perfume business, separate, and set up
their own labs, benefited from a shift in
scientific thought. The sorcery of alchemy
and its belief in
Spiritus rector
(the vital
force directing the growth of plants), the
philosopher’s stone, and Aristotle’s four el
ements of earth, water, fire and air, was be
ing supplanted by the work of an 18th
century scientist, Antoine Lavoisier. He
banished the hocus pocus and brought
precise language and an enlightened
framework to the discipline of chemistry.
A knob of gummy resinoid distilled by
Laugier from a lump of bitter almond, and
then crystallised by Laurent, pointed to the
molecular structure of living matter. Or
ganic chemistry, the discipline fathered in
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