Authoring a PhD

effective digits
– the numerals which vary from one number in a table
to the next. See the 
three or four effective digits
maxim.
emergency stop test
– a check on how well your text is organized and
signposted. If I interrupt a reader in mid-flow in your chapter or paper,
can they give a clear account of its overall structure, what has been
covered and what is still to come? [pp. 98–100]
endnotes
– system of notes where all the referencing materials and
other elements come in a single bloc at the end of the chapter or book,
not broken up across the foot of each page. [pp. 130–3]
examiner
– in the 
classical model PhD
a senior person not otherwise
involved with a student’s research who decides whether their work
reaches doctoral standard or not. In the UK variant two or three

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examiners read the research student’s thesis, hold the 
final oral exam-
ination
or
viva
with her, and then either grant the doctorate or issue
a
referral
. There is always an external examiner (from another uni-
versity) and an internal examiner (from the same university as the
student). In the European variant, the examiners are all the members
of a five- or six-person committee, who read the student’s thesis,
determine whether it can be accepted or not, and hold an examina-
tion in public. The supervisors will form part of this committee, and
at least one member will be from another university or country. In
the
taught PhD model
the members of the 
dissertation committee
are
the examiners of the final thesis, although they are not called by this
name. [pp. 209–26]