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Appendix A. Botanical history of Boesenbergia longiflora.
1808: Hamilton collected two ginger specimens in Assam, India which he labelled Bangleum
sulphureum [ Hamilton 12 (E) and Hamilton s.n. ( Wallich
6579A, K-W, IDC microfiche
7394)].
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1825: D. Don published Gastrochilus D.Don (Orchidaceae).
1829: Wallich published Gastrochilus Wall. (Zingiberaceae) with two species, G. pulcherrima
Wall. (Wallich
6588, IDC microfiche 7394) and G. longiflora (Wallich 6589A, IDC
microfiche 7394). The detailed descriptions were accompanied by watercolour
illustrations.
1832: Wallich re-determined Bangleum sulphureum (Hamilton
s.n., K-W, IDC microfiche
7394) to Alpinia hamiltoniana
Wall. nom. nud. and identified Wallich 240 (K-W, IDC
microfiche 7394) from Bengal as the same species, grouping them under Wallich 6579,
A and B, consecutively.
1840: Wallich dispatched 51 species of living plants from the Calcutta Botanical Gardens
to the Kew Gardens. On the inventory (Wallich 1840) the last two items listed are G.
pulcherrima and G. jenkinsii Wall. nom. nud.
1842: Hooker published, “Gastrochilus pulcherrima
. Handsome-flowered Gastrochilus” in
Curtis’s Botanical Magazine (t. 3930).
1843: Hooker published “
Gastrochilus longiflora. Long-flowered Gastrochilus” in Curtis’s
Botanical Magazine (t. 4010). The description was accompanied by a hand-coloured
plate prepared by William Hood Fitch (Fig. 2). Hooker mentioned that both G.
pulcherrima and this species came to Kew Gardens as living plants from Wallich at the
Calcutta Botanical Gardens.
1845: Voigt, documenting the plants at the Calcutta Botanical Gardens described the G.
longiflora flower as “largish, pale-yellowish, with a rose-coloured lip” and mentioned
that G. jenkinsii is from “Assam and the hills about Gowhatti. Flowered in July 1838.”
Note: This places G. jenkinsii in cultivation at the Calcutta Botanical Gardens just prior
to Wallich’s 1840 dispatch of plants to Kew Gardens.
1874: King collected King 1020 (CAL) in “Sikkim Himalaya.” Accompanying the specimen
are two watercolour illustrations by Edward King, annotated as
G. longiflora.
1890: Baker listed and briefly described six Gastrochilus species and three “Imperfectly
known and undescribed species.” He revised part of Wallich’s original description of
G. longiflora stating “staminodes white rather longer than the white corolla-segments
lip tinged with red.” He also mentioned, “The Bot. Mag. plant is G. jenkinsii, Wall.
mss. and has larger flowers than that figured by Wallich, of a purer white, the lip tipped
with bright red.” He broadly expanded the distributional range after annotating other
specimens as
G. longiflora.
1891: Kuntze observed that Gastrochilus D. Don had priority over Gastrochilus Wall. and
proposed Boesenbergia Kuntze for the later homonym.
1904: Schumann listed six known and three imperfectly known Gastrochilus species,
describing
G. longiflora as white flowered. Note: Schumann’s Fig. 13 is wrongly
labelled “
Gastrochilus longiflorum”. It is an exact copy of G. pulcherrima, t. 3930
(Hooker 1842).
1913: Schlechter accepted Boesenbergia Kuntze, listing 23 taxa.
1918: Valeton reviewed 17 Indonesian Gastrochilus
species, commenting on the close affinity
of G. angustifolia Hallier f. (Sumatra) to
G. longiflora.
1924: Ridley listed 24 Gastrochilus species for the Malay Peninsula, noting
G. longiflora only
as a cultivated plant in Penang Gardens.
1950: Holttum provided an account of Boesenbergia for the Malay Peninsula, selecting B.
pulcherrima as the type. He commented that the illustration, t. 4010 in Curtis’s Botanical
Magazine (Hooker 1843) “does not agree very well with Wallich’s” and questioned
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Boesenbergia longiflora and related taxa
whether
B. longiflora actually belongs to Boesenbergia or “may have to be transferred to
another genus.”
1974: Rao & Verma published Curcumorpha A.S.Rao & D.M.Verma with a single species, C.
longiflora (Wall.) A.S.Rao & D.M.Verma and cited 20 white-flowered specimens that
reportedly differed from Boesenbergia by having stems spurious [a false stem] spikes
radical, bracts spiral and a staminodial cup.
1981: Smith supported Rao & Verma’s taxonomic distinction of
B. longiflora as Curcumorpha
based on the four characters.
1997: Larsen questioned the necessity of Curcumorpha, suggesting that the characters
mentioned by Rao & Verma were not sufficiently different from other Boesenbergia
species and recommended that
C. longiflora be maintained in Boesenbergia.
2002: Kress et al. commented on the phylogeny of Boesenbergia suggesting that Boesenbergia
might be polyphyletic with B. pulcherrima allied to Curcumorpha.
2004: Gao et al. studied the floral biology of C. longiflora finding a two-day flowering cycle
for the species.
2006: Sakai & Nagamasu found that a living specimen identified as B. longiflora (Tanaka et
al.
023015, TI) had an inflorescence with a distichous bract arrangement.
2003–2006: Other references to
B. longiflora or C. longiflora include: Vanijajiva et al. 2003,
2005; Fan 2004; Techaprasan et al. 2006; and Ngamriabsakul & Techaprasan 2006.
Appendix B. GenBank accession numbers (ITS/trnK) for Boesenbergia spp. (Zingiberaceae)
used in this study. Sample number (voucher number, herbarium) GenBank numbers. Note:
c=clone.
Boesenbergia collinsii Mood & L.M.Prince: M06P14 (Mood 12P171, holotype, BK)
JX992751/JX992812; MP1455 (Mood & Pedersen 1455, C) JX992752/JX992813; M2010
(Mood & Triboun 2010, BISH) JX992749/JX992810; M2011 (Mood & Triboun 2011, BISH)
JX992750/JX992811; M3035 (Mood & McMakin 3035, BISH) JX992753/JX992814.
Boesenbergia hamiltonii Mood, S.Dey & L.M.Prince: M3017 ( Dey NU53, holotype, CAL)
JX992754/JX992815; M3026 (Mood 12P177, BISH) JX992755/JX992816; M3212 (Mood
12P178, BISH) JX992794/no data.
Boesenbergia kerrii Mood, L.M.Prince & Triboun: M2044 ( Mood & Triboun 12P170,
holotype, BK) JX992756/JX992817; M2049 (Mood & Chalermglin 2049, BISH) JX992757/
JX992818; M2058 (Mood 2058, BISH) JX992758/JX992819; M3009 (Mood & Triboun 3009,
BISH) JX992759/JX992820.
Boesenbergia kingii Mood & L.M.Prince: M3074 ( Mood & Vatcharakorn 12P173, holotype,
BK) c2-JX992789, c3-JX992790, c4-JX992791, cJX992792, c8- JX992793/ JX992829;
M08P161 (live material of Kress 03-7366, US) JX992760/JX992821; M11P47 (live material
of Kress 96-5646, US) c1- JX992761, Cc- JX992762, c3- JX992763, c4- JX992764, c5-
JX992765, c6-JX992766/ JX992822; M2002 (Mood 2002, BISH) c1-JX992769, c2-JX992770,
c3-JX992771/JX992825; M3015 (Mood 12P174, BISH) c1-JX992772, c2-JX992773, c3-
JX992774, c4-JX992775, c-JX992776, c12-JX992777, c13-JX992778/JX992826; M3019
(Mood 12P175, BISH) c1-JX992779, c3-JX992780, c6-JX992781, c8-JX992782, c9-JX992783,
c10-JX992784/JX992827; M3020 (Mood 12P176, BISH) c7-JX992785, c8-JX992786, c9-
JX992787, c12-JX992788/JX992828; M3272 (Mood & Vatcharakorn 3272, BISH) JX992795/
JX992830; M11P77 (live material of Newman 980, E) JX992767/JX992823; M11P78 (live
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Gard. Bull. Singapore 65(1) 2013
material of Newman 990, E) JX992768/JX992824; K97-5821 ( Kress 97-5821,US ) AF478742/
AF478842.
Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze: M11P48 (live material of Kress 03-7305, US). c1-
JX992796, c5-JX992797, c6-JX992798/ JX992831.
Boesenbergia maxwellii Mood, L.M.Prince & Triboun: M2032 ( Mood & Triboun 12P172,
holotype, BK) JX992800, JX992833; MP1450 (Mood & Pedersen 1450, C) JX992802/
JX992802; M2017 (Mood & Triboun 2017, BISH) JX992799/JX992832; M2040 (Mood
& Triboun 2040, BISH) JX992801/JX992834; M11P26 (Mood 11P26, BISH) JX992803/
JX992835; M11P124 (Mood 11P124, BISH) JX992804/JX992836; M11C132 (Funakoshi s.n.,
MBK) JX992805/JX992837; M11C133 (Funakoshi s.n., MBK) JX992806/JX992838.
Boesenbergia plicata var. lurida
(Ridl.) Holttum: M3120 (Mood & Vatcharakorn 3120,
BISH) JX992808/JX992839.
Boesenbergia plicata var. plicata
(Ridl.) Holttum: M3177 ( Mood & Vatcharakorn 3177,
BISH) JX992807/JX992840.
Boesenbergia pulcherrima
(Wall.) Kuntze: M08P276 ( Mood 08P276, BISH) JX992748/
JX992809; K98-6220 (Kress 98-6220, US) AF478725/AF478825.
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