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Chapter 24
Section 5: The So-Called Labour Fund
It has been shown in the course of this inquiry that capital is not a fixed magnitude, but is a part
of social wealth, elastic and constantly fluctuating with the division of fresh surplus-value into
revenue and additional capital. It has been seen further that, even with a given magnitude of
functioning capital, the labour-power, the science, and the land (by which are to be understood,
economically, all conditions of labour furnished by Nature independently of man), embodied in it,
form elastic powers of capital, allowing it, within certain limits, a field of action independent of
its own magnitude. In this inquiry we have neglected all effects of the process of circulation,
effects which may produce very different degrees of efficiency in the same mass of capital. And
as we presupposed the limits set by capitalist production, that is to say, presupposed the process
of social production in a form developed by purely spontaneous growth, we neglected any more
rational combination, directly and systematically practicable with the means of production, and
the mass of labour-power at present disposable. Classical economy always loved to conceive
social capital as a fixed magnitude of a fixed degree of efficiency. But this prejudice was first
established as a dogma by the arch-Philistine, Jeremy Bentham, that insipid, pedantic, leather-
tongued oracle of the ordinary bourgeois intelligence of the 19th century.
49
Bentham is among
philosophers what Martin Tupper is among poets. Both could only have
been manufactured in
England.
50
In the light of his dogma the commonest phenomena of the process of production, as,
e.g., its sudden expansions and contractions, nay, even accumulation itself, become perfectly
inconceivable.
51
The dogma was used by Bentham himself, as well as by Malthus, James Mill,
MacCulloch, etc., for an apologetic purpose, and especially in order to represent one part of
capital, namely, variable capital, or that part convertible into labour-power, as a fixed magnitude.
The material of variable capital, i.e., the mass of the means of subsistence it represents for the
labourer, or the so-called labour fund, was fabled as a separate part of social wealth, fixed by
natural laws and unchangeable. To set in motion the part of social wealth which is to function as
constant capital, or, to express it in a material form, as means of production, a definite mass of
living labour is required. This mass is given technologically. But neither is the number of
labourers required to render fluid this mass of labour-power given (it changes with the degree of
exploitation of the individual labour-power), nor is the price of this labour-power given, but only
its minimum limit, which is moreover very variable. The facts that lie at the bottom of this dogma
are these: on the one hand, the labourer has no right to interfere in the division of social wealth
into means of enjoyment for the non-labourer and means of production.
52
On the other hand, only
in favourable and exceptional cases, has he the power to enlarge the so-called labour fund at the
expense of the “revenue” of the wealthy.
What silly tautology results from the attempt to represent the capitalistic limits of the labour fund
as its natural and social limits may be seen, e.g., in Professor Fawcett.
53
“The circulating capital of a country,” he says, “is its wage-fund. Hence, if we
desire to calculate the average money wages received by each labourer, we have
simply to divide the amount of this capital by the number of the labouring
population.”
54
That is to say, we first add together the individual wages actually paid, and then we affirm that
the sum thus obtained, forms the total value of the “labour fund” determined and vouchsafed to us
by God and Nature. Lastly, we divide the sum thus obtained by the number of labourers to find
out again how much may come to each on the average. An uncommonly knowing dodge this. It
did not prevent Mr. Fawcett saying in the same breath:
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Chapter 24
“The aggregate wealth which is annually saved in England, is divided into two portions; one
portion is employed as capital to maintain our industry, and the other portion is exported to
foreign countries... Only a portion, and perhaps, not a large portion of the wealth which is
annually saved in this country, is invested in our own industry.
55
The greater part of the yearly accruing surplus-product, embezzled, because abstracted without
return of an equivalent, from the English labourer, is thus used as capital, not in England, but in
foreign countries. But with the additional capital thus exported, a part of the “labour fund”
invented by God and Bentham is also exported.
56
1
“Accumulation of capital; the employment of a portion of revenue as capital.” (Malthus:
“Definitions, &c.,” ed. Cazenove, p. 11.) “Conversion of revenue into capital,” (Malthus: “Princ. of
Pol. Econ “ 2nd Ed., Lond.. 1836, p. 320.)
2
We here take no account of export trade, by means of which a nation can change articles of luxury
either into means of production or means of subsistence, and
vice versà. In
order to examine the object
of our investigation in its integrity, free from all disturbing subsidiary circumstances, we must treat the
whole world as one nation, and assume that capitalist production is everywhere established and has
possessed itself of every branch of industry.
3
Sismondi’s analysis of accumulation suffers from the great defect, that he contents himself, to too
great an extent, with the phrase “conversion of revenue into capital,” without fathoming the material
conditions of this operation.
4
“Le travail primitif auquel son capital a dû sa naissance.” [the original labour, to which his capital
owed its origin] Sismondi, l. c., ed. Paris, t. I., p. 109.
5
“Labour creates capital before capital employs labour.” E. G. Wakefield, “England and America,”
Lond., 1833, Vol. II, p. 110.
6
The property of the capitalist in the product of the labour of others “is a strict consequence of the law
of appropriation, the fundamental principle of which was, on the contrary, the exclusive title of every
labourer to the product of his own labour.” (Cherbuliez, “Richesse ou Pauvreté,” Paris, 1841, p. 58,
where, however, the dialectical reversal is not properly developed.)
7
The following passage (to p. 551 “laws of capitalist appropriation.”) has been added to the English
text in conformity with the 4th German edition.
8
We may well, therefore, feel astonished at the cleverness of Proudhon, who would abolish
capitalistic property by enforcing the eternal laws of property that are based on commodity
production!
9
“Capital, viz., accumulated wealth employed with a view to profit.” (Malthus, l. c.) “Capital ...
consists of wealth saved from revenue, and used with a view to profit.” (R. Jones: “An Introductory
Lecture on Polit. Econ.,” Lond., 1833, p. 16.)
10
“The possessors of surplus-produce or capital.” (“The Source and Remedy of the National
Difficulties. A Letter to Lord John Russell.” Lond., 1821.)
11
“Capital, with compound interest on every portion of capital saved, is so all engrossing that all the
wealth in the world from which income is derived, has long ago become the interest on capital.”
(London, Economist, 19th July, 1851.)
12
“No political economist of the present day can by saving mean mere hoarding: and beyond this
contracted and insufficient proceeding, no use of the term in reference to the
national wealth can well
be imagined, but that which must arise from a different application of what is saved, founded upon a
real distinction between the different kinds of labour maintained by it.” (Malthus, l. c., pp. 38, 39.)